Light Isigaba umBoniso uhlobo inkqubo

Photosynthesis njenge zesiganeko yemichiza yinkqubo apho khompawundi organic akhiwa ngokuhlanganisa amanzi carbon dioxide. Yinto ebalulekileyo kukuba inkqubo nokuqukuqela ukukhanya, kunye nokubandakanyeka ngqo izinto photosynthesis. Kuba flora izinto ezinjalo yiklorofili, iintsholongwane - bacteriochlorophyll.

Le ndlela ngemvelo kwalo multi-isigaba kunye nohlobo quantum. Multistage ebonakaliswa yokuba ngexesha photosynthesis iinkqubo zenzeka ngokulandelelana abafumana, iguqulela, uze usebenzise umyinge yamkeliswe ukukhanya. Enye inguqu enjalo inguqu carbon dioxide ibe into ephilayo. Inkqubo apho kukho amandla aphezulu kunye nemixube molecule ATP ebizwa ngokuba kwisigaba ukukhanya photosynthesis. Eyona engundoqo imeko factor kunye nokuphuma yesi sigaba ubukho ukukhanya. Indlela lokuqinisekisa oku inguqu njengoko kwisigaba ukukhanya zefotosinthesis bungachazwa ngokwalo mzobo ulandelayo. Ngokuba yiklorofili, nto leyo ifumaneka kwi inwebu kwi chloroplasts yezityalo, lubamba fluxes ukukhanya amandla elanga. Emva koko, le mandla inegalelo izinto uxhulumaniso phosphoric acid kunye izinto ATP kunye ADP iimolekyuli. Noko ke, lo msebenzi yamandla kukhanya ayipheli. Ngaphandle sesichengeni iimolekyuli inkqubo fusion, mandla kusenza ukuba enze indlela lweziqalelo wokuqhekeka amanzi. Apha, isigaba ukukhanya zefotosinthesis tihamba sokungamelani 2H20 = 4H + + 4e- + O2. Njengoko sibonile, isiphumo sale yokusabela kufeza ioksijini zezinga ngoko okungena ifomu simahla kwi-bume yendalo.

Inyathelo elilandelayo, waqonda apho kwisigaba ukukhanya zefotosinthesis, na ukusebenza ngayo iimolekyuli ngokuba yiklorofili. Ngethuba lale nkqubo, phantsi kwempembelelo ukukhanya molecule ufaka yiklorofili lihamba electron ukuya eliphezulu kwinqanaba electron kubume molecule. Zokuthundeza nabakhi electron ukuba iziqalelo iiproteni chloroplast. Watyhutyha ilizwe ngolandelelwano iiproteni carrier data, ngokuba yiklorofili molecule electron onyanzelwayo ukuba ukuphulukana amandla ayo, yaye umsebenzi owenziwayo ngokugcinwa inkqubo redox ka ATP iimolekyuli.

Salahlekelwa amandla alo kunye nezinto (elektroni), ngokuba yiklorofili molecule zibuyiselwa ngokuthi kongezwe elektroni ezibe sisiphumo ukuhamba esele zikhankanywe apha ngentla cleavage indlela iimolekyuli zamanzi. hydrogen kwasekwa inkqubo cleavage iya kuhlanganiswa kunye nenye into unako ukwenza yokuthutha indima yayo phakathi chloroplast.

Izityalo ngokwendalo khona kwiimeko mnyama, ngamanye amazwi xa ithombo ukukhanya ekhoyo. Ngoko ke, photosynthesis lwenzeka nobumnyama inyathelo, oluqhutywa kwisithuba wayelele phakathi istili kunye thylakoids chloroplast. Ngenxa yesi sigaba amandla ukukhanya ayifuneki, kwaye indlela yakhiwe kulandelelwano iinkqubo zenguqu neemolekyuli carbon dioxide engena umoya wabo. Isiphumo utshintshwano ezinjalo kuphuma ukuyilwa iimolekyuli glucose, ingakumbi kunye nezinye organic. iikhompawundi ezifana ziquka acid, nucleotides, kwakunye nazo zonke glycerol ezaziwayo.

Ukongezelela kwisigaba photosynthesis yokuzahlula, Ukuhlelwa ingqalelo kwinzululwazi le nqubo yemvelo ngokohlobo. Ezona C3 photosynthesis, kunye C4 photosynthesis, ekuthi kwezo nto kuphume, ngokulandelelanayo, yaye ezithathu-compound ezine.