Izityalo Transgenic: ukulungiswa kunye nokusetyenziswa

Umba izityalo yemfuzo updated ngakumbi kwiminyaka yakutshanje. ubuchwepheshe Transgenic iye kubadlali belinye iqela uze abavikeli, nangona kunjalo meko ayizi ecaca ngokuhamba kwexesha. Kweli nqaku liza siya kugxininisa koko yemfuzo izityalo, ziziphi eziluncedo zabo nangobubi, ziya kuqhutywa kunye imizekelo yezityalo transgenic.

Ukungxamiseka ngxaki

Inani labemi Umhlaba umhlaba ekuqaleni kuka-2016 yaba ngabantu 7.3 billion ukuya kwaye likhula ngokukhawuleza namhlanje. Iintlanga ezininzi kule planethi baziva ukunqongophala rhoqo ukutya kunye namanzi. Oku ngenxa yeziphumo eziyingozi yomntu kwindalo, nto leyo ikhokelele ukuchuma komhlaba .Ngaphezu.

Kwinkulungwane XX oko kulahlekileyo hayi ngaphantsi kwe-20% yeendawo abathwala iziqhamo kule planethi. indawo yabo iyaqhubeka ukunciphisa ngenxa ukuthotywa eziphilayo, kohlaza, ukuthoba komhlaba luncedo, wokohluthwa komhlaba ezinye iinjongo.

Kwinguqu esa ukulinywa kwezityalo lezoshishino le imveliso methanol kukhokelela ekuncipheni kummandla komhlaba olinywayo, okwenza kukhule ngakumbi imeko ngesondlo abantu.

Russian Ministry of izifundo lezeMpilo luye lwabonisa ukuba abantu ukutya iphawulwa nokuhla imali iimveliso eziphilayo ezixabisekileyo. Ngenxa yoko, ukunqongophala protein eveliswe, iivithamini kunye nezinye izinto zendalo.

Izazinzulu ukuqikelela ukwanda kwenani noluntu abantu on Earth ku 9-11 billion ngo-2050, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba kabini okanye kathathu umthamo iimveliso zolimo ehlabathini lonke. Oku kwenyuka nokwenzeka hayi ngaphandle kwintshayelelo izityalo transgenic ukunceda ukwandisa umthamo kwezityalo nokunciphisa amaxabiso iimveliso, ngokunjalo equlathe iipropati ukuba azikho izityalo ikhule kwezobuchwepheshe yemveli.

Eli kobuchwepheshe

Nayiphi eziphilayo iye zofuzo ukumisela zonke iimpawu zayo. izakhi chain zobunewu kwakheka iipropati. I-chain ngokwawo ibizwa kweejini (ufuzo).

Ngaphambili, iintlobo ezintsha gqith afunyenwe indibanisela zezityalo abazali ukuba awuyitshintshanga izakhi kunye nabanye kwaye ufumane izinto ezintsha. Le nkqubo wathabatha eninzi ixesha, kwaye imveliso isiphelo akusoloko ukuya bekulindelekile.

Ngokusebenzisa uphuhliso lobuchwepheshe ezintsha kwaba lula ukutshintsha kweejini izityalo ngokukhawuleza ngokuthi unike zofuzo eziyimfuneko. Lo kwicala yophando olwenziweyo kumsetyenzana uye wabizwa zobunjineli yemfuza. Izityalo izakhi etshintshiweyo ebizwa transgenic okanye izakhi. iinjineli Genetic ukudala genotypes ezintsha. Ngoko ke awukwazi ukufumana ngokukhawuleza izityalo ezitsha. Njengoko ithuba ukutshintsha kweejini kunye nenjongo ethile.

Imizekelo zokulungisa gene

zobunjineli yemfuza inceda ukwazisa zofuzo abanganyangekiyo imiba eyahlukeneyo eziyingozi:

• Ukuqamba Herbicidal.
• ngezakhiwo zinambuzane.
• amagciwane Phytopathogenic.

Ibe njengoko izakhi ukwandisa ixesha nokwanda, ukulungiswa nitrogen. Ngaba ukuphucula acid acid ukwakhiwa izityalo protein.

Uphuhliso kushishino lwezolimo ngokulima izityalo ezifanayo kwiindawo ezinkulu ikhokelela lokwanda izitshabalalisi kunye transfer izifo. Ukuze alwe nabo, izazinzulu ukudala iikhompawundi ezininzi chemical. ngcembe zitshabalalisi ziziqhelanise tyhefu kwaye ziyamelana. Imeko bume uyehla kule: kufa izinambuzane ezinqwenelekayo, yaye umhlaba kuwa iikhemikhali eziyingozi.

zobunjineli yemfuza linikeza nokudalwa izakhi avelisa zokuzikhusela izinambuzane. Xa iitumato vuna gene ebangela ukubola ngokukhawuleza. Kwaneekomkomere zongezwa zofuzo unoxanduva lokuqulunqa leswekile, wena bagcina nge cucumber elithozamisayo. Kuthiwa ezi ndlela kuvumela izityalo ukuba zikhule ephelele, ukunika izivuno eziphezulu yaye akoyiki lweentshulube kwaye wagula.

Le nto yenziwa ukususela 1984. Isityalo lokuqala transgenic yabhaliswa ngo 1983. Yaba lo icuba, lwesakhiwo yeseli owazise yemfuza zomntu wesithathu. Icuba izilingo endle lwenziwa ngo-1986 eUnited States. Kwaye ngo-1994 eUnited States baya ukutya yokuthengisa transgenic. Ezi iitumato ngesithuba eliphantsi ukuphuma amathupha kunye zesoya. Emva kweminyaka emibini kwi emarikeni kweza uluhlu izityalo izakhi: ingqolowa, iitumato, iitapile, iimbotyi zesoya, rape, isithombo, ithanga, nomqhaphu.

Ukususela ngoko, ezi nguqu gene kuzo zonke izityalo, izityalo zikhula. Oku kungenxa iinzuzo zoqoqosho. Ngapha koko, lo qongqothwane Colorado itshabalalisa izityalo ezininzi neetapile, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba iibhiliyoni zeerandi balahlekile. Isigqibo esixhasa iitapile transgenic, kungekhona phantsi Colorado Potato qongqothwane. Uyakwazi ukuqhubeka ukufowunela izityalo transgenic yimizekelo. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uluhlu ebanzi kakhulu. Phantse zonke izityalo zifumene iwele yazo yemfuza.

Le nkqubo zesayensi

Ukudala izityalo transgenic iqala kunye nokuqaliswa izakhi kwi plant cells kumdibaniso ibe zofuzo zabo. Inkqubo yokwazisa zofuzo angaphandle lula ukuba iindonga Iseli yokuqala iyasuswa yi-enzayim: pectinase okanye cellulase, nto leyo ekhokelela ekuveleni protoplasts. Ukwazisa izakhi ezintsha zibe isakhiwo protoplast, emva koko iiseli cultured kwiimeko zizondlo, ngoko kwasekwa iiseli zisetyenziselwa ukukhula ngokutsha kwezityalo.

Eyona njongo lenzululwazi yemfuza - izityalo transgenic ukumelana imichiza kunye neentsholongwane. Ukulungiselela le njongo indlela yokuqalisa transgenes ezithi zibonise izilwa-ngaphakathi iiseli nxamnye protein wentsholongwane egazini. Kukhuthaza amasiko lakufumana neentsholongwane, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukudala ukhuseleko oluthembekileyo zezityalo kwiintlobo ezininzi izifo egazini zezityalo.

Iindlela ezingundoqo ukuvelisa izityalo transgenic zezi:

1. Ukusetyenziswa kwe Agrobacterium. Kuyinto ukwazisa intsholongwane ekhethekileyo kweejini yezityalo.
2. "DNA-gun." Kulo mzekelo, izazinzulu ngokoqobo "ukudubula" iDNA zayo kwiseli. Ngenxa yoko, le "iimbumbulu" yakhiwe DNA lakhe ukuya kwindawo oyifunayo.

A lixabiso elingqinelanayo

Ukhetho wenza kube nzima ukufumana isityalo kunye isixa esikhulu iivithamini. Uphuhliso ngamachiza enikiweyo ithuba. Umzekelo, ukuba ubekwe "yerayisi yegolide" ezinomthamo eliphezulu ivithamin A. amaqunube Ifunyenwe ezinomthamo eliphezulu ivithamin C zesoya Evelisiweyo, nelenyuse izihlandlo ezihlanu isixa vitamin E.

izityalo Ukusebenzisa yavelisa ezahlukeneyo ezixabisekileyo iiproteni, amachiza, izilwa-buhlungu. iinkqubo izityalo Ukusebenzisa ziiproteni amayeza ngomlinganiselo yorhwebo. Hormone ukukhula kakhulu kuqala imvume yabantu ngo-1986. Ukususela ngoko, abantu abaninzi iiproteni kuhlanganiswa, ngaba phakathi kwawo:

• avidin (isetyenziswa kuphando ezinto eziphilayo);
• casein (milk protein esetyenziswa njenge additive ukutya);
• Collagen kunye elastin (iiproteni imithi).

Ukusetyenziswa eziphilayo zezityalo izakhi kujongana nemiba ejikeleze zokuhlanjululwa esiphakathi. Umzekelo, ukwenza isityalo-biodegradatory. Baya sinokunceda yokubola oyile kunye nezinye izinto ezinobungozi kwiindawo ezinkulu.

Acocekileyo amanzi nomhlaba, isityalo ingasetyenziswa ukufunxa izinto eyingozi kokusingqongileyo, ingakumbi enzima. Kwezi amalinge, lo icuba elikhokelayo, inawo onke la ubunakho.

Ukuze enze imisebenzi yezityalo zokuhlanjululwa zityalwa kwiindawo ezingcolisekileyo koko isuswe kwaye zitofwe kunye "cleaner" iqela elitsha. Ekulihlambululeni kwakhe amanzi, loo izityalo kufuneka neengcambu inkqubo antywiliselwa izisombululo zolwelo.

trends imboni

Inkqubo yokuvelisa izityalo transgenic luquka amacandelo ezininzi:

1. Iintlobo nge inqanaba eliphezulu kwimveliso.
2. Ukudala inkcubeko ekwaziyo ukuvelisa isivuno eziliqela nyaka ngamnye. (Umzekelo, amaqunube yabola, fruiting kabini ehlotyeni nye.)
3. Ukuveliswa kwezityalo transgenic ukumelana izinambuzane. (Kukho iitapile, itapile qongqothwane utshabalalisa.)
4. Ezahlukahlukeneyo, ukuze soyise naziphi na iimeko zemozulu.
5. izityalo nokuzalana ukuvelisa protein isilwanyana. (In China, icuba umhlanganisela asuka ukuvelisa lactoferrin yabantu.)

Ukusetyenziswa kwezityalo transgenic kunceda ukusombulula imiba eliqela, phakathi kwabo: ukunqongophala kokutya, uphuhliso iingxaki Pharmacology agronomic kunye nabanye abaninzi. Ngenxa izityalo yemfuzo zithi shwaka zinambuzane eziyingozi ukuba abe nempembelelo embi kokusingqongileyo. izityalo Transgenic ukumelana izinambuzane, - oku na eyinyani, kodwa zesiganeko yokwenene kakhulu kwicandelo lezolimo.

Umahluko phakathi kwezityalo izakhi nezendalo

Simple engumshumayeli ukwahlula phakathi kwezityalo zendalo kunye transgenic akwenzeki. Kufumaniseka laboratory.

Russian Ministry of Health ngo-2002 wayalela abenzi ukulebhelisha iimveliso iqanjwa ngaphezulu amahlanu ekhulwini eziphathekayo gennopreobrazovannogo. Kodwa ke eneneni, loo zokuphawula phantse akukho mntu ubiza. iitshekhi ezifanelekileyo ibonisa rhoqo komgomo ezinjalo.

Ukuze ube nokulungela ukufumana yokungenisa, ukufunyanwa kunye nokuthengiswa kwemveliso izakhi kukho inkqubo yobhaliso zikarhulumente emiselwe. Oku disadvantageous kakhulu kubavelisi ukutya.

Zokumakisha kwimveliso akuthethi ukuba kutya kuya kubangela umonakalo abantu. Ngelo xesha, abathengi abaninzi akukhathalwa njengophawu ingozi.

izityalo izakhi - ntoni na ke?

ERashiya, ababhaliselwe kwaye iitsheki eziyimfuneko zonke iintlobo-10 zezityalo transgenic. Ezi ziquka:

• zesoya iintlobo ezimbini;
• Corn iintlobo ezintlanu;
• iintlobo ezimbini amazambane;
• beetroot;
• sugar beet kulo.

Kwi-West, iimveliso yemfuzo neelebhile, ukuba kwakugcwele ezishelifini. ERashiya, iimveliso ezininzi kakhulu efanayo, iimpawu nangona efanelekileyo ngabo apho. Nangona kunjalo, zonke ezi mveliso ukuba yayithengwe kwamanye amazwe. ERashiya, inkcubeko zemfuza iinguqu andifumananga kude kuphela imifuniselo yezenzululwazi. ikratshi lokwenene izazinzulu na iitapile, leyo amabhungane zamazambane igqabi kufa.

Kwezenkolo bephikisa amazambane ezinjalo. Uphando, eyabonisa ukuba ngokutya namazambane kumabuzi utshintsho olungumgubo igazi, umlinganiselo amalungu omzimba, kukho ezimbi ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ngokutsho izazinzulu, ukuba akukho sizathu ukwala kwishishini ngokubanzi.

Uphuhliso Transgenic lula kakhulu iindlela nokuzalela, kwaye maxa wambi ekhuselekileyo. iimveliso Transgenic abiza kakhulu zendalo, ke ngoko, ezifunwayo kumazwe ngokwaneleyo. Kwixesha elizayo, imifuno organic kunye nenyama iya kuba imveliso yeevenkile ezincinane kunye namaxabiso aphezulu.

Izinto eziluncedo nezingeloncedo zezityalo izakhi

Kukho izimvo ezimbini ephikisanayo malunga nexabiso ubuchwepheshe transgenic. Ezinye izazinzulu zikholelwa inguqu data genotypic ekhuselekileyo ngokupheleleyo umzimba womntu kwaye kuluncedo kakhulu sokuphuhlisa kwezolimo. Abanye bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa utshintshwano ezinjalo luya kubakho kuphela emva kweminyaka emininzi.

Ukufika izityalo transgenic amaxhoba ihlabathi kwisiqingatha. Phakathi kwabo ngasemva - eUnited States, Canada, Australia, Argentina kunye nabanye abaninzi. It ethathela Europe kunye kumazwe amaninzi inkqubo ngasemva yezolimo.

Le ngxoxo nxamnye izityalo transgenic kukholelwa ukuba ezinjalo ekugqibeleni bavume zokhula ineradicable okanye uxhume kwezinye izityalo, ukungcolisa okusingqongileyo. Kakade ke, kusenokwenzeka.

Imeko ehlabathini Russia

komele yaseYurophu iimveliso yemfuzo zinqabile kakhulu. amagunya karhulumente zithatha imithetho engqongqo efuna label ezinjalo iimveliso. Kukwakho imithetho DNA. Esi sikhundla yaseYurophu bemvelo kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho.

In Russia imithetho enjalo kodwa. Nangona kunjalo, akukho imithetho evumela ukuba gennoizmenennye inkcubeko. Unga ukukhokela uphuhliso lwemveliso kwiintlobo, kwakunye ukuba ukungenisa iimveliso gennopreobrazovannye esuka kumazwe angaphandle. In Russia ingeniswe iimbotyi zesoya transgenic kunye nombona.

uluvo loluntu imeko iimpahla gennoizmenennymi abameli ifomu eendaba. Baya yenyuse kumanyundululu uthabathe icala iintshaba iimveliso gennopreobrazovannoy. Ubungqina lwenzululwazi ukhuseleko yayo ngexesha elifanayo ahlale izithunzi.

Ingaba kukho kubangela inkxalabo?

Naziphi izityalo bangenwe inguqu yemfuza, uwele ukuhlolwa zokhuseleko inyanzelekile phambi kokufumana imvume kwisicelo abaninzi. arhente zikarhulumente ekuhloleni iingozi yokusingqongileyo ezinobungozi ezinxulumene ngokulinywa ezi zityalo. Akukho nemiphumela emibi eziyingozi emva kokuba ukusetyenziswa iimveliso izakhi nabangekafumani ibhalisiwe.

zobunjineli yemfuza inika ithemba ngokwanelisayo eliqaqambileyo: izityalo transgenic musani gula kwaye musa ukubola. Kodwa musa ukulibala nithi: ". Nature ilisikizi cleaner" Apho ukuya izitshabalalisi kunye nezifo? Ikutyela ishiyeka ngaphandle kokutya sife? Yintoni umphumela le meko awukacaci.

Ngokutsho kwabachasi ubugcisa transgenic, iinjineli, zemfuza nodlame okunxamnye nemvelo. Bona, abalimi ngokungafaniyo ukuhambisa nawuphi na sofuzo nakweliphina icala, nto leyo eya ekugqibeleni kukhokelela imiphumo ebuhlungu. Noko ke, ngelo xesha, yaye oogqirha baye batyholwa isibindi ukuphazamisa umzimba womntu namayeza mihla wenze inkqubela enkulu, kunye nezenzo kagqirha, akukho namnye ibangela iingxaki.

Yiba ukuba kunjalo, inkqubela akakwazi ukuyeka. Mhlawumbi, ukusetyenziswa izityalo transgenic - lo kwikamva kufutshane kushishino lwezolimo. Ngaphezu koko, uphuhliso zobunjineli yemfuza kunceda ezolimo ukuba uphume kwiimeko ezininzi ezinzima. A biotechnology entsha iza kubonelela isigqibo kunye neminye imiba (ukutya, zeteknoloji kunye nezopolitiko).

Ngoku kuyacaca ukuba izityalo transgenic ezifana (GMPs), ukunika umzekelo kwaye impendulo yalo mbuzo nawuphi na umfundi kweli nqaku.