Ubume zofuzo - ngesihloko evuthayo yophando eminyaka ezayo.

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimpawu yemfuza eziphilayo ezi ndaba yophando zebhayoloji-izazinzulu ehlabathini, hayi zihlolisiswe ngokupheleleyo. Yonke imihla zibakala ezintsha umdla. Oluphuculweyo zobuchwepheshe, iindlela zohlalutyo kunye nezixhobo mihla, zonke izazinzulu zinokungena nzulu iimfihlelo inkqubo chromosomal, ukufunda isakhiwo eziphilayo supramolecular.

Namhlanje, Noko ke, uluntu iphumeze kakhulu ekufundeni yemfuza eziphilayo. Umntu ngamnye onomdla, evula zezifundo, bakwazi ukufunda ubume zofuzo, ubume babo umsebenzi in vivo. Ngayo kunye nentetho. Xa uhlobo lwesakhiwo chromosome zihlukaniswe:

• telotsentrichnye,
• akrotsentrichnye,
• submetacentic,
• metatsentrichnye.

Telotsentrichnye na intonga-okwe kwaye ziqulathe a centromere, leyo efunyanwe ukusuka imigca emibini. Akrotsentrichnye kwakhona isakhiwo intonga-ezifana, kodwa mnye 'ngeengalo' of amancinci, phantse imperceptible zabo. (Gxalaba - yinxalenye chromosome, eza kwelinye icala centromere). isakhiwo Submetatsenrichnoe i chromosome kunye iingalo elide okanye elifutshane. Kwaye ukuba metatsentrichnomu uhlobo isakhiwo ezi zofuzo ezimilise-V, ezo okufanayo ubude kwamagxa.

Zofuzo bezyadernyh eziphilayo, kuquka iintsholongwane neebhaktiriya
Le zofuzo of ephilayo nganye kuphela ngamnye. Ubume bale zofuzo ze iintsholongwane, iintsholongwane, yaye ezinye iintlobo ze ulwelwe yeyona elula. Le chromosome bacteria ubunjwe ze uhlobo DNA kabini-ndixakene esenokuba yomgama okanye thunzi. Ubume izixhobo chromosome amagciwane yahlukile yintsholongwane iimolekyuli DNA. Umzekelo, ubude DNA ye intsholongwane yahluka ukusuka micrometers enye nekhulu, intsholongwane DNA ayafika ubude amawaka amabini micrometers. Split, okt Yindibanisela molecule oluncedisayo (phindana) iintsholongwane zofuzo iqala ukusuka kwenye loqalo lwencopho kwaye ehambayo ubude balo lonke, kwaye ntsholongwane iya kumacala omabini ukusuka kwindawo yokuqala, apho neefolokhwe ezimbini ukwahlula DNA kwakhiwa. Chromosome virus equlethe RNA molecule elilodwa RNA ngokwemo ngomsonto, nangona phakathi kwabo kukho kananjalo dvuhnitchatye molecule. Ngomhla ubungakanani chromosome mncinci kakhulu kunabo equlethe DNA.

Zofuzo eziphilayo nuclear
Ubume bale zofuzo yeseli eukaryotic ukuba inucleus, igqalwa omnye kakhulu ezinzima. Oku kusekelwe phezu DNA yomgama kukuba elide, nto leyo ibe ukuya ku-5 cm! Kwiimeko ezinjalo ingafunyanwa ngokufundisisa ubume zofuzo zabantu. Ngaphandle kwemolekyuli DNA ziquka iiproteni chromosome ezizodwa - histones. Bekukho ezintlanu: H1, H2A, H3, h4 - aba iiproteni eziphambili. Ngaphandle kwabo molecule yenziwa iiproteni negistonnye. Ubume zofuzo eukaryotic kunzima kakhulu kwaye kuthatha uhlobo amaso.

Kukho iindidi eziliqela zofuzo, ezo azixhaphakanga. Ezi ziquka chromosome giant polytene chromosome kunye chromosome lampbrush.

• zofuzo Giant kwahluka ngokobungakanani emikhulu. Ke ingafunyanwa kwi zigaba ezithile zo umjikelo iseli - ixesha lobomi phakathi kwamacandelo cell. Bona ifumaneka iiseli ezinye izinambuzane kombungu, kwakunye lomqolo kunye ezingenamqolo.

• zofuzo Polytene ezi imisonto umntwana multiple ukuba yandisa evela kumzali ngesixa esikhulu, kodwa akazange azinze ngendlela ingalawuleki kwaye idityaniswe waziva enye. Bona equlethwe iiseli izibilini izinto eziphilayo, umzekelo, iiseli wamathumbu umzimba amanqatha, kwamadlala amathe, noqhoqhoqho. zofuzo Polytene nazo zifumaneka izitya ezidla kwizinambuzane ezinamaphiko amabini.

• Zofuzo lampbrush - a zofuzo giant, ngaphezu polytene, apho zifumaneka oocytes (iiseli iqanda) ekuyo. zofuzo Ulwakhiwo lampbrush features inani elikhulu ubungakanani ezahlukeneyo kunye nobude tabs icala, apho kwenzeka RNA yokuqaphela.

Njengoko ubona, uninzi lweentlobo zofuzo. Yaye kuzo zonke izinto ezahlukileyo. Kwaye eyona nto inomdla kakhulu kukuba indlela sale nkqubo lwalusanda nangoku fundanga de kube sekupheleni. Ubume bale zofuzo, inani, isakhiwo kunye nokuhlukunyezwa yayo ikhokelela wezakhi eziphilayo - konke oku nesihloko zofuzo u evulekileyo.