Yintoni na isivamvo sokukhanya

Ngoxa kubomi bemihla ngemihla, abangafane kufuneka sithembele ngqo, yintoni na isantya wokukhanya, inzala kweli phephancwadi esizibonakalisa ebuntwaneni. Okumangalisayo kukuba, kodwa yonke imihla sijongene umqondiso ngesantya esingaguqukiyo andise amaza. Isantya yokukhanya - oku ixabiso elisisiseko, ngalo lonke indalo kukho ngendlela njengoko sisazi.

Ngokuqinisekileyo, ngalinye bebukele umntwana ukuba ngumbane flash uze emva koko kulandele kweendudumo uzama ukuqonda oko okudale ukubambezeleka phakathi livela yokuqala neyesibini. ingxabano Simple yengqondo ngokukhawuleza kwakhokelela kwisigqibo esisengqiqweni sokuba: isantya ukukhanya isandi ezahlukeneyo. Le ngqa kumyinge ezimbini ezibalulekileyo emzimbeni. Emva koko, omnye afumane ulwazi oluyimfuneko kwaye angenziwa ngokulula ukuba uchaze ukuba kwenzeka ntoni. Yintoni unobangela kuyinqaba kweendudumo? Impendulo siyifumana into yokuba isantya ukukhanya malunga 300 lamawaka. Km / s, malunga nezigidi amaxesha ngaphezu kwesantya of andise of intlokoma yesandi emoyeni (330 m / s). Ngoko ke, umntu ubona kuqala bani ukukhanya ukusuka zombane arc imibane, yaye kuphela ixesha ukuva ukubhonga kweendudumo. Umzekelo, ukuba ngumbukeli ukusuka kumbindi 1 km, ngoko ukukhanya iya kubeyisa lo mgama e microseconds-3, kodwa ke isandi kuya kufuneka imizuzwana kangangoko-3. Ukwazi isivamvo sokukhanya kunye Ukulibaziseka kwexesha phakathi flash kunye neendudumo, uyakwazi ukubala umgama.

Iinzame ukuba wenza kwakudala ukuba umlinganiselo. Ngoku kakhulu funny ukufunda malunga amalinge, Noko ke, ngaloo mihla, ngaphambi kokufika izixhobo ngqo, yaba ngaphezu kakhulu. Xa uzama ukufumanisa ukuba yintoni na isivamvo sokukhanya, umfuniselo umdla lwenziwa. Ukususela ekupheleni kwale imoto ihamba uloliwe nozilo yindoda chronometer ngqo, yaye kwelinye icala lakhe komdlali wecala wavula caba kwesibane. Ngokutsho lo mbono, lo chronometer kwenzeka ukumisela isantya andise photons yokukhanya. Makubulelwe kwindawo guquka ngenxa yesibane chronometer (kunye okuqhubekayo kolwalathiso intshukumo uloliwe), ube nako ukwazi ukuba kwisantya ukukhanya rhoqo, okanye kunganyusa / ukuncipha (ngokuxhomekeke ulwalathiso umqadi, ngethiyori, isantya intshukumo ukuba uloliwe woyisakala kuchaphazela izinga ulinganiswa nokuhlola ). Kakade ke, amava ndingungantweni, njengoko isivamvo sokukhanya, kwaye ubhaliso ayikho chronometer asifani.

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala nomlinganiselo ichanekileyo yenziwa ngo-1676 enkosi kokuma nawokuthwasa kaZeyus. UOlaf Roemer wabonisa ukuba inkangeleko kanye Io noqikelelo hlukile yi imizuzu-22. Xa iiplanethi afika, ukubambezeleka zehla. Ukwazi umgama, kwaba lula ukubala isantya ukukhanya. Leyo mali malunga 215 thous. Km / s. Emva koko, ngo-1926, D. Bradley, ezincina ukutshintsha indawo elikhangeleka iinkwenkwezi (aberration), warhola ingqalelo umthetho. Indawo yokuhlala star indawo zitshintshiwe ngokuxhomekeke kwixesha lonyaka. Ngenxa yoko, oku kuchatshazelwa indawo kwelanga xa kuthelekiswa emhlabeni. U nga tshinela isifaniso - nethontsi lemvula. Akukho ngasemoyeni ziqonda phantsi, kodwa kuyimfuneko ukuba ukubaleka - kunye indlela elikhangeleka ngayo tshintsho. Ukwazi isantya ukujikeleza umhlaba ujikeleza ilanga, kwaba lula ukubala isantya ukukhanya. Leyo mali 301 lamawaka. Km / s.

Ngowe-1849, A. Fizeau waba amava kulandelayo: phakathi umthombo kokukhanya esipilini, ekude 8 km, ukuba ukujikeleza nezixhobo. ngesantya ukujikeleza luyanda ukuya gama umsantsa elandelayo yabonisa ekubhobhozeni ukukhanya akuthethi ukuba abasisigxina (yokudanyaza-free). Ukubala wamnika 315 lamawaka. Km / s. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva, L. Foucault indawo ivili isipili ejikelezayo wamamkela 298 lamawaka. Km / s.

imifuniselo elandelayo baba ngakumbi nengqalileyo, kuqwalaselwa refraction zezulu, njalo njalo. Okwangoku, iinkcukacha ezifanelekileyo zithathwa ingafumaneka ngokuthi usebenzisa iwotshi atom kunye nomqadi laser. Ngokutsho kwabo, isantya ukukhanya ongenawo ilingana 299 lamawaka. Km / s.