Ukufuduka Biogenic atom. izinto ejikeleza kunye Biosphere zazivelela

ukufuduka Biogenic atom - luhlobo olulodwa ejikeleza yobume imichiza ezenzeka ngeendleko weenkqubo ebalulekileyo eziphilayo. Phantsi ubomi kakuhle zabo ukuphefumla, isondlo, ukuzala, nokwanda yokubola lweziqalelo organic.

Yintoni Biosphere

Ihlabathi-edumileyo Academician VI Vernadsky okokuqala wazisa umba ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila. Yena ezifundekayo njengendawo iqokobhe eziphilayo zomhlaba. Le ndawo yokuphila ziziphumo intsebenziswano kwezinto eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo. Kulo mzekelo, zonke izinto eziphilayo umsebenzi ongundoqo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila kunye ezinxulumene kuzo zonke iindlela ezinokubakho.

Izinto eziphilayo ingqokelela yazo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni owaziwa kungoku nje. Ngamnye kubo ubunzima balo, amandla kunye elemental imichiza nokwakheka.

Ngokutsho Vernadsky wathi ukuba yonke into ephilayo kunxulumene kokusingqongileyo imisinga athom, ukufuduka biogenic olwenzeka ngenxa kwimpembelelo amandla elanga.

Eyona misebenzi iphambili ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila ukuba kwenziwe, ukukhula kunye yokucolwa ngayo izinto eziphilayo.

Imithetho lokufuduka biogenic

ukufuduka Biogenic atom iboniswa ngohlobo ejikeleza kwezinto kwindalo. Wabiza izinto biogenic ebandakanyeka kule nkqubo. Ezi ziquka izinto ezifana ioksijini, hydrogen, initrogen, ikharbon, phosphorus, intsimbi, manganese, zinc, calcium, potassium, kunye nezinye iikhompawundi ezininzi ezingaphiliyo.

Enyanisweni, kwindalo kukho isixa omkhulu izinto ezineeathom ezilinganayo imichiza, kodwa hayi bonke bephela yinxalenye eziphilayo.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba zonke izinto eziphilayo inkalo ekhethekileyo ukuqokelelela imichiza kunye nemixube zabo. Ngelo xesha elifanayo yinxalenye abaphilileyo ingabonwa kuphela izinto ngokubanzi, kodwa kunqabile kakhulu. Yintoni umdla kakhulu, ingqalelo kulo mba lokuphila liphezulu kakhulu kwindawo ezingqongileyo. Umzekelo, izityalo ziqulathe carbon izihlandlo ezilikhulu amabini ngaphezulu kunokuba iqulathe uqweqwe, kwaye amaxesha amathathu njengoko nitrogen kakhulu.

Kulo mzekelo, iintlobo ngamnye izinto eziphilileyo inani ezahlukileyo imichiza. Umzekelo, iintsholongwane zentsimbi yande ngokwabo isixa esikhulu yentsimbi, ngoxa rhizomes yande calcium nengca - iodine.

athom yokufudukela Biogenic kukhokelela yokuba phantsi kwempembelelo eziphilayo inokwahluka Valence na imichiza. Njengoko ngokunjalo iindidi ezintsha ze iikhemikhali kwakheka. Malunga amane minerals edume kakhulu othatha inxaxheba kule nkqubo, njengoko yokufuduka biogenic-athom. Ke indoda leyo isiqinisekiso ngqo.

UMthetho biogenic yokufuduka athom

Lo mthetho wazisa Vernadsky kwaye ziyakubaluleka ebaluleke kakhulu ithiyori kwaye aluncedo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, zonke iinkqubo yemichiza zenzeke kwi kwiplanethi yethu, zinxulumene ngokusondeleyo umsebenzi langoku nelidlulileyo kwaziwe ayinakwenzeka ngaphandle kokuthathela zizondlo-akhawunti kunye imiba zasemanzini. Kwakhona apha kunganxulunyaniswa kwimpembelelo iinkqubo mvelo.

Kufuneka ikhunjulwa into yokuba abantu babe negalelo elikhulu kakhulu umhlaba onokuphila komhlaba, ingakumbi abantu bayo ophilayo, ngoko bakwazi ukwenza utshintsho olukhulu kwinkqubo enjalo, njengoko ukufuduka biogenic-athom kwi biosphere.

Ngokwalo mthetho, yonke into ephilayo yi umlamleli phakathi kwelanga nomhlaba. Ngelo xesha, banikwa ezifika njalo amandla enelanga kwaye rhoqo ngokwentelekiso umhlaba, sinokugqiba ukuba imali ye mba zokuphila kufuneka ibe rhoqo. Loo ndlela iye yachazwa yi Vernadsky imisebenzi yakhe.

Malunga nowe biogeochemical

imijikelo Biogeochemical - oku Kusasazwa ekhethekileyo kweekhemikhali umhlaba onokuphila. Apha isigqibo ngendima edlalwa eziphilayo. Kuba umphefumlo zonke izinto eziphilayo kufuneka izondlo ezithile ezinokuthi ukunika ubomi. makrotrofy and mikrotrofy: Kukho amaqela amabini Izakhi.

Ngu makrotrofnym izinto ziquka ezinjalo izakhi ukudala isiseko eekhemikhali zonke nezihlunu eziphilayo. Ezi ziquka potassium, calcium, phosphorus, ioksijini, ikharbon, hydrogen, isalfure, nemagnesium kunye nezinye izinto.

Kodwa mikrotrofnym izinto ziquka izinto umkhondo kunye nemixube zabo, kuyimfuneko ukuba ubukho eziphilayo ngezixa ezincinane kakhulu. Ukuze umkhondo izinto ziquka zinc, ikopolo, manganese, chlorine, nesinyithi.

Ukongeza, onke biogenic okanye izondlo zingasetyenziswa ngokuphindaphindiweyo biosphere. Emva minerals biogenic izinto zolondolozo njalo. Ezinye inani ezidityanisiweyo kunye yinxalenye kwizinto eziphilayo. Kwaye oku, ke, kunciphisa kakhulu inani leziqalelo eseleyo kwi-ecosystem.

Ukuba izityalo kunye nezinye izinto eziphilayo abazange bathathe inxaxheba kwinkqubo ukwanda, nangoncedo zonke izondlo ehlabathini ukuba kudala ukususela ediniwe, kwaye kungoko ubomi uMhlaba uya kuba kudala yaphela.

Cinga ngendlela lemijikelo biogeochemical kwezinye izinto.

Umjikelo carbon

Omnye umthombo carbon ibalulekileyo carbon dioxide equlethwe ukwakhiwa emoyeni, yaye unyityilikiswa emanzini. Le nto isetyenziselwa Yindibanisela oganikhi khompawundi zizityalo.

Ngexesha inkqubo yefotosinthesis, icarbon dioxide uyakwazi kukuguqula izityalo eziphilayo izinto nezondlo benzela izilwanyana zokutya.

iinkqubo ezifana yokutsha amafutha, yokubola yokuphefumla, bayakwazi ukubuyisela izinto kokusingqongileyo. Ngokutsho izazinzulu, emoyeni iqulathe malunga asixhenxe anamanci billion iitoni ukwimo, ngoxa le kwehayidrosfere - malunga amahlanu amawaka ezigidi iitoni. Nyaka ngamnye, ngenxa inkqubo yokukhula photosynthesis of wezityalo emanzini kunye lizwe yenye elinamanci asibhozo amahlanu ezigidi iitoni, ngokulandelelana.

Umjikelo nitrogen

imijikelo Biogeochemical-nitrogen kwenzeka phantsi kweempembelelo kwiimpembelelo ezahlukeneyo imichiza kunye eziphilayo. Umzekelo, initrojeni nayitreyithi inokujikwa ibe kwiproteni, ngoko nokufudukela urea ibe ammonia kwaye kwakhona basenza emva ifomu nitrate kulo.

phosphorus umjikelezo

Imijikelezo ezilula biogeochemical kwindalo na kumjikelo phosphorus. koovimba bakhe ziphambili eziqulathwe kwamatye zibethwa ukhukuliseko banikwa phosphate zabo eziphila ezahlukeneyo.

Ezinjalo izityalo asetyenziswa phosphate, kwaye sebenzisa ukuba nokulungelelanisa izinto zemvelo. Izityalo adla kwezinye izinto eziphilayo. Ngoko, xa besifa ukubola, kwakhona phosphate babuyela umhlaba kunye nezichumiso zisetyenziswa kwakhona kwezityalo.

Siseko Biogenic of Vernadsky

Phantsi ukufuduka biogenic-athom ezihambayo izinto owaqaphela, kwaye uqhagamshelwano amandla neziphaluka eziphilayo zabo. Ngokutsho Vernadsky ukuthuthelwa biogenic kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo ezintathu ezibalulekileyo kakhulu. Khawuve oko izazinzulu zithi:

1. yokufudukela Biogenic usoloko ezama ukwandisa ukubonakala kwayo.
2. Yonke into ephilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila bakwimeko imichiza exchange rhoqo kwaye ziyahambelana yonke. Njengoko kwakunye ukuba zakhiwa kwaye zixhaswe yi amandla kwelanga.
3. Evolution of eziphilayo, igalelo ukuvela iindlela ezintsha okuzinzileyo eziphilayo, kukhokelela ukukhawulezisa yokufuduka biogenic-athom kwi biosphere. Oku kwenza kule okukhawulezayo iziqalelo ukuguqulwa chemical.

Ingcamango umjikelo eziphilayo

Ebomini on Earth kuqhubeka ngonaphakade, zonke izinto eziphilayo kufuneka ukujikeleza egopheni evaliweyo.

Umjikelo eziphilayo - oku kuphela indlela yokucwangcisa ubomi. Ngenxa ekuweni zonke izinto, ezinye izinto eziphilayo ayondleka zabo. Ngoko ke, zonke eziphilayo, kungakhathaliseki uhlobo wayo, unxibelelwano lokuthengwa kwempahla. Ligqobha indlu, zonke izidalwa eziphilayo kunika izinto zabo kwezinye iintlobo zobomi. Musa uwajongele phantsi indima ezincinane. Baguqula iintsalela izilwanyana kunye nezityalo kwi izinto ezisisiseko organic kusetyenziswa zizityalo eluhlaza Yindibanisela mba entsha organic.

Umjikelo yebhayoloji yolo izinto ezinikwa iziphumo ekungafuneki. iikhompawundi Complex uqalise ukubola, ukhupha ngaxeshanye kunye noninzi amandla yokulahlekelwa ulwazi, yaye kwasekwa i inorganics ezintsha ukuqala yonke chain kwakhona. amagciwane semvelo Ngenxa ekwaziyo self zendalo.

Ukusebenza zomjikelo zebhayoloji eziphilayo yelo kumaqela ahlukeneyo taxonomic ophilileyo. Bona bayakwazi ukunxibelelana nabanye ngokusebenzisa iintlobo ezininzi obuchopho. Kufuneka Makukhunjulwe ukuba yonke into ephilayo ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila inxaxheba kumjikelo ngokusebenzisa kwikhonkco lokutya.

Yiyiphi imisebenzi lwenziwa yi mba abahlala ongqonge umhlaba onokuphila

Isiseko lokufuduka biogenic-athom ehambayo ubuxoki izinto. Ngoko ke, lo izazinzulu yacazululwa zonke iimpawu nokuya enjalo, bakwazi ukwenza izigqibo malunga nokuba yintoni imisebenzi yenziwa yonke into ephilayo emhlabeni uMhlaba. Makhe sihlolisise kubo:

• Energy. eziphilayo bayakwazi ukuqokelela izondlo ezivela ukutya ngokusebenzisa kwikhonkco lokutya.
• Zokuhamba. ephilayo nganye enako ukugqithisa kukho izinto eziphilayo.

• Ingqondo - eziphilayo yande izondlo ubomi babo kwaye ufuna siwasebenzise kwisakhiwo umzimba.
• Environment-wokusungula. Zonke izinto eziphilayo luguqula imida yemichiza ebonakalayo yokusingqongileyo.
• Kuyabulala. Wazibandakanya ehlukene kwezinto ezingaphiliyo.

kwemvelo of ngemvelaphi yobomi on Earth

Evolution ingabizwa ayibuyiseki umva utshintsho ebomini zembali. Le mbono isekelwe kwimigaqo ezine:

1. nenzala kwemfuneko. Zonke iintlobo eziphilayo ndikwandise ngokukhawuleza kakhulu. Noko ke, asingabo bonke imbewu ayitshanga, kangangokuba bonke abantu uzinzile.
2. Umzabalazo ukuphila kunceda ukulawula ubungakanani labemi.
3. Ubukho lweeyantlukwano engephi. Ekubeni bonke abantu abahlala unique, ezinye iintlobo banethuba elibhetele okuphila, ngoxa abanye ezincinane.
4. Yofuzo. Ulwazi ilifa igqithiselwa kwi umzali kwinzala. Ngoku, ngenxa ezinye iiyantlukwano ilifa, abanye abantu bayakwazi ukuba baphile ixesha elide ngaphezu kwabanye.

iziphumo

Phantsi ukufuduka biogenic-athom ezihambayo izinto sazi. Le nkqubo alupheli yaye nokungazinzi koqoqosho, ngoko ubomi on Earth ukhona kwaye maxesha ethu. Ngenxa yomsebenzi ngamandla kuzo zonke iinkqubo zobuchule yabantu ehlabathini uqalise ukuwa.