Ingcinga Inkqubo kunye amanyathelo iziko. Kumaziko eRussia. Kumaziko - it ...

ubomi Public - ingqiqo multi-amaninzi. Noko ke, inkqubela-phambili kuluntu Russian, njengoko sibona kwimbali, kuxhomekeka kumgangatho kubanjelwa kuyo inkqubo ethile zokudala ngokwasengqondweni. Yintoni kumaziko? Lo mbutho eziphuhliswe yoluntu sicatshulwa mgangathweni lweenkqubo zentlalo. Instrument Society ezivelileyo kuphuhliswa imfundo ngokwasengqondweni - maziko umsebenzi umzobo structure fixed rhoqo, iinkcazo zemisebenzi. Nasiphi na isigaba sobomi kawonke - kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, ezomthetho, ulwazi, yenkcubeko - ukuba kushwankathelwa kwinkqubela phambili kuluntu kwaye lula inkqubo.

Imizekelo kumaziko kukuthi, umzekelo, ipalamente kuzinza ngenxa yabemi kwebandla; School, acacisa ukusuka umsebenzi obalaseleyo artist, igcisa, ngumdanisi, bulumko; inkolo ezabhalwa imvelaphi yalo ekushumayeleni abaprofeti. Ngoko ke, lo kumaziko - Kakade ke, xa ezingundoqo zalo, - odola.

Wambambela abe lilalela zokuziphatha abaninzi omnye - ngokubanzi nezilawulwa. Ukuba sithethe malunga iziqalelo zoyilo yale nkqubo, ziqulunqwe kwezentlalo, izithethe zoluntu, imithetho, be kunye neendima - wenza ngokweziko indlela yokusombulula ngokucinezela iimfuno zentlalo.

kumaziko Russian

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba isiseko ethembekileyo ngokwenene woqoqosho kumaziko eRashiya ngenkulungwane entsha. Ukukhula kwemveliso enikiweyo. Ukuzinzisa inkqubo yezopolitiko "esebenza" umgaqo-siseko, esisebenza esekungcoleni lowiso, elawulayo, iijaji, inkululeko ekhoyo ukunika isiseko sophuhliso enjalo.

Ngokwembali, kumaziko karhulumente Russian wawathatha la manyathelo alandelayo:

• Eyokuqala (1991-1998 gg.) - inguqu ukusuka kulawulo eSoviet.
• Le yesibini (1998-2004 gg.) - utshintsho umzekelo yoluntu ukusuka oligarchic kurhulumente-longxowankulu.
• I lesithathu (2005-2007 gg.) - ukubunjwa amaziko olufanelekileyo loluntu.
• Elesine (ukususela ngo-2008) - eqongeni, luphawulwa nxaxheba ngempumelelo lwezakhono zoluntu.

In Russia kukho umfuziselo ebakumgangatho kwidemokhrasi, zinciphisa inani labantu ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo kwezopolitiko, engqamana sengqondo Russian, ukukhonya gwenxa nomdla karhulumente phezu komdla ngamnye. Ukubaluleka esisiseko yoluntu nkqubo inkxaso elite.

Kufuneka kuthathelwe ingqalelo into yokokuba into umda kuba nophuhliso yemveli, ofundileyo kwi "ukwaphulwa" 90 Yiminyaka okanye ukungabi esemthethweni yabemi. Kodwa uluntu wazisa imigaqo omtsha wentando yesininzi. Amaziko amandla eRashiya kukhokelele kwinto yokuba amaziko ezopolitiko yahlulwe nje kuphela amandla, kodwa kwi inxaxheba kumaziko. Okwangoku, ngendima yokugqibela. Baye bethetha igalelo kwiinkalo ezithile inkqubela yoluntu.

Eli nqanaba eziphembelela ngabaphetheyo bonke abemi beli lizwe. Phakathi amaziko eziphambili kwezopolitiko ziquka State ngokwayo, uluntu ngokubanzi. Le peculiarity ye kumaziko Russian yi nesimbo yayo kunye neemfuno zophuhliso zeli lizwe. Akusoloko isebenza apha uyimfama yokungenisa amaziko Western, ngoko kumaziko e-Russia - inkqubo yoyilo.

amaziko kumaziko kunye nezentlalo

amaziko zentlalo kunye nokwenziwa iziko kubalulekile nje isixhobo jikelele yokudibanisa imigudu yabantu abaninzi abahlala kwiingingqi ezahlukeneyo umanyano zokwabiwa ngokupheleleyo kwezibonelelo kunye nokwaneliseka yoluntu Russian.

Umzekelo, iziko likarhulumente lisebenzisa amandla ukuhlangabezana neemfuno nani liphezulu abemi. Institute for uMthetho elawula ubudlelwane phakathi kwabantu kunye karhulumente, ngokunjalo nabantu kunye noluntu ngokubanzi. Institute of ukholo kunceda abantu babe nokholo, intsingiselo yobomi, inyaniso.

La maziko sisiseko oluntu. Bona eyenziwe neemfuno zoluntu, nto leyo sizalwa ekubonakalisweni ubunzima bokuba.

Ukusuka kwindawo esesikweni Ngenxa leziko loluntu angamelwa njenge "inkqubo indima", ngokusekelwe iindima kunye nobume amalungu ahlukeneyo oluntu. Kwangaxeshanye, isenza ukwimeko federal, amaziko Russian ukuzuza semthethweni ubuninzi bagwetyelwe ukudibanisa iseti ubuninzi izithethe, amasiko, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nemilinganiselo yokuziphatha. Ukumisela nokulawula yonxulumano loluntu olwenziwa ngamaziko, ukwenza izithethe zomthetho kunye nezentlalo eziyichaphazela kwezi izithethe namasiko.

Ngokuba nomqondo Russian kubaluleke kakhulu ngempumelelo enkulu ukubethelela umbutho ngokusesikweni ngokusebenza zeziko sikweni.

Ezi mpawu ezikhethekileyo namaziko kunceda iintlobo ubomi nezentlalo zelizwe ukufumanisa ubukho babo, iindidi esisigxina ezininzi leendibano, ngathi imithetho imisebenzi esemthethweni, kwaye umyalelo ntsebenzo yabo, ubukho kwilizwe eengcali 'elimxinwa' eziqeqeshelwe iprofayili.

Yintoni na amaziko lwentlalo kothiwa ebalulekileyo kuluntu lwanamhlanje? Olu luhlu yaziwa: usapho, impilo, imfundo, ukhuseleko lwentlalo, ishishini, icawa, amajelo mass. ingaba Institutsionizirovany? Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba sihlandlo ngasinye kwezi ndlela kurhulumente kukho ubulungiseleli efanelekileyo, nto leyo i "isilumkiso" elisebalini lesebe oluhloniphiweyo, ejongana kwimimandla. Inkqubo yengingqi amandla olawulo ukuba aququzelele ulawulo olufanelekileyo, ilawulwa ngqo beqonga, kwakunye nemiba ye nesenzeko zentlalo efanelekileyo.

Amaqela ezopolitiko kunye nokwenziwa iziko labo

Kumaziko zamaqela ezopolitiko ekutolikweni yangoku kuyo yaqala emva kweMfazwe Yehlabathi II. Malunga isakhiwo yayo kunokuthiwa lubandakanya le kumaziko kwezopolitiko zomthetho. Political ihlela kwaye kuxhasa imizamo abemi ukuseka amaqela ezopolitiko. Legal umisela imeko ngokusemthethweni kunye nemisebenzi. Imiba ebalulekileyo kwakhona nzima ukuqinisekisa elubala zemali kwimisebenzi iqela kunye nemithetho yentsebenziswano yayo kunye ishishini kunye norhulumente.

Regulatory efakiweyo isimo ngokubanzi yomthetho onke amaqela (zikarhulumente kunye neminye imibutho) kunye nobume ngamnye zentlalo ngamnye (ibonisa izibonelelo kunye nendima eluntwini).

Imisebenzi kunye nobume amaqela mihla bahlala umthetho. ERashiya, ingxaki ka kumaziko kwamaqela kuvumela umthetho ekhethekileyo federal "On amaqela ezopolitiko". Ngokutsho kwakhe iqela amiliswe ngeendlela ezimbini: nokuba nkongolo ongumsunguli inguqu lwentshukumo (umbutho karhulumente).

Urhulumente ilawula umsebenzi zamaqela, ezizezi amalungelo kunye nemisebenzi, imisebenzi, ukuthatha inxaxheba kunyulo, imisebenzi zemali, ulwalamano nee-arhente zikarhulumente, umsebenzi ngamazwe kunye nemibono.

Iimfuno Ingqongqo zezi: uhlobo Russian lombutho, inani lamalungu, Non-kweyabo non-zonqulo, indalo non-wesizwe lombutho (ngaphezu kwama-50 ths.).

Ukumelwa kwamaqela kwindlu yowiso-mthetho ilungiselelwa iimanyano zamasekela abanyulwe kuzo (amaqhezu).

Umthetho kuchazwa ubuntu ngokusemthethweni amaqela: zolawulo, yoluntu,-siseko kunye nomthetho.

Amaziko ingxabano

Makhe ukuvula nembali. Amaziko kwimpixano njenge abanawo ufumana imvelaphi yayo ngemihla ekuqaleni yonxulumano nkulu. amafama yomhlaba ukubandezana ngabantu ezinkulu, inguqu ubume babo lwezentlalo bazakhe, iingxabano asakhasayo ongxowankulu, yaye akafuni ukushiya indawo yezikhulu.

Ngokwecandelo zokulawula impixano kumaziko - isindululo iingxabano ezimbini: i mveliso kunye nezopolitiko. Ungquzulwano sabaqeshi nabasebenzi lilawulwa yi-Institute of izivumelwano nemibutho neemanyano, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimfuno zabasebenzi eqeshiweyo. Impixano lokulawula yoluntu kuvumelekile indlela lufane.

Ngoko ke, lo kumaziko kwembambano sisixhobo ukhuseleko kwindlela ukuvumelana kunye neentsalela zentlalo.

uluvo loluntu kunye nokwenziwa iziko yayo

uluvo loluntu imveliso yentsebenziswano phakathi kwamacandelo ahlukeneyo yabantu, amaqela ezopolitiko, amaziko asekuhlaleni, ezentlalo iinethiwekhi kunye namajelo eendaba. Le Dynamics uluvo loluntu liye landa kubulela kakhulu kwi Internet, interactivity, flash umoya woqhushululu ebantwini.

Amaziko uluvo loluntu ibangele intlangano ethile, ukufunda amanqaku izimvo zoluntu yeekhomponenti, ukuqikelela nesiphumo lonyulo. ukuqokelela Le mibutho, ukufunda ezikhoyo zibe uluvo likarhulumente elitsha. Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba isifundo eso kudla zibonakala kwaye isekelwe kwiisampuli edlelelelayo.

Ngelishwa, sakhiwe uqoqosho ngokungacwangciswanga sigqwethe ingqikelelo 'ukumisela amaziko izimvo zoluntu. " Kulo mzekelo, amasiko kunye neminqweno uninzi lwabantu abayi kufumana ukuqaphela kwiipolitiki yokwenene karhulumente. Ngokusesikweni, phakathi kwintando yabantu kwaye nokuphumeza kufuneka ibe unxibelelwano ngqo kwaye kwacaca ePalamente. amagosa anyuliweyo kufuneka ukuba bakhonze uluvo loluntu ngokukhawuleza ukuthatha amanyathelo asemthethweni kuyimfuneko.

umsebenzi Social ngokungaphaya kunye nokwenziwa iziko

Ekupheleni XIX - ekuqaleni XX kwenkulungwane kuluntu Western yaseYurophu ngenxa mveliso kwaye ukubandakanyeka ukuveliswa ekuhlaleni ezahlukeneyo amaqela Wesuka Institute of Work Social. Kwaba ikakhulu izibonelelo zentlalo kunye neentsapho abasebenzi aid '. zobuntu Kwezintsuku umsebenzi wentlalo ezifunyenwe ngengqiqo uncedo yokuzinikela abazange apha naphaya ukulungiselela iimeko wokuphila kwabantu.

umsebenzi Social, ngokuxhomekeke kumbandela ukuphunyezwa kwalo kurhulumente, uluntu kunye exutyiweyo. arhente zikarhulumente ziquka Ministry of Social Policy kunye nee-ofisi zemimandla,-ofisi zayo, ukukhonza abantu behlelelekile ekuhlaleni. Uncedo olunikelwe amalungu athile eluntwini. Kuyinto rhoqo, elizeleyo Oonontlalontle wenziwe kwaye zisekelwe phezu mali. Public njengoko umsebenzi wentlalo ngokuzithandela wenziwa ngamatsha-ntliziyo yaye ngokufuthi engagunyaziswanga. Njengoko unokucinga, kumaziko komsebenzi wentlalo isebenza kakhulu xa igalelwe lobeko, leyo ahlalisane karhulumente kunye noluntu nemilo yayo.

Amanqanaba kumaziko kuqoqosho isithunzi

Inkqubo kumaziko poetapen. Kwaye zonke izigaba passage wayo - standard. nobangela wale nkqubo kwaye ngaxeshanye ngayo nemfuneko yokubonelela isiseko ukuphunyezwa apho kuyimfuneko ukulungiselela izenzo zabantu. Yiza indlela ngamazwi. Cinga kumaziko manqanaba ekubunjweni lweziko ezimbi ezifana njenge "kuqoqosho isithunzi".

• Stage I - iimfuno imbonakalo. iintengiselwano engafani zemali (ezifana ukuthunyelwa eyinkunzi, nokutshintshwa) zee-arhente ngamnye kwezoqoqosho (ukusukela imi--90. ngenkulungwane Last) ndazifumanela ebanzi ngobuchule.
• sigaba II - ukuyilwa iinjongo ezithile ukukhonza nokuphunyezwa indlela yabo. Le njongo kungenzeka, umzekelo, kwenziwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: "Indalo kwenkqubo yezoqoqosho," ezingabonakaliyo 'ukuba Control State. Ukudala isimo eluntwini apho abo ngamandla banelungelo zibhuqe. "
• sigaba III - ukudalwa izithethe zentlalo kunye nemithetho. Le migangatho ke kuqala ukubeka imithetho elawula "ukusondelelana" ngamandla ukulawula abantu ( "inkqubo Byzantine ngamandla"). Nangona kunjalo, i "non-eziqhuba 'imithetho yentlalo zinyanzela Amaziko zoshishino" yiya phantsi kophahla of "izakhiwo niyimigqakhwe nibonakalisa umsebenzi ezilawulayo, imithetho elahlekileyo.
• Isigaba IV - imbonakalo iimpawu umgangatho enxulumene kunye nemithetho. Umzekelo, umsebenzi "ishishini yokhuseleko" Abantu enamandla imikhosi zokhuseleko, umsebenzi weqweqwe esemthethweni sabaphangi, bakhupha weziMali phantsi kwezivumelwano wasentsomini, ekusekeni kwi "intshontsho" inkqubo ngezimali mali.
• Inqanaba V - isicelo esebenzayo imithetho kunye nemisebenzi. Ngokuthe ngcembe ukudala ithunzi ukuguqula amaziko abapapashwa kwi eendaba esemthethweni. Zisebenza kunye nabathengi ezithile oluzinzileyo lwexesha elide. Ipesenti Ukuguqulwa ngazo ezincinane, lisiya kukhuphisana ngempumelelo kunye nemibutho esemthethweni amaguquka. Enye mkhuba: umvuzo isithunzi, ezifikelela 15-80%.
• Isigaba VI - nokudalwa inkqubo kwezohlwayo ukukhusela isakhiwo mthetho. Isikhundla amagosa karhulumente zentengiso imali ngeenkonzo zoshishino. Bona, la magosa, i "imigaqo", wamohlwaya ngokuba "isithunzi", ngokuba "yomonakalo yokuziphatha". Ezilawulwayo imizimba amalungelo ngesandla oluntu kunye namagunya zerhafu senziwa similise "squad" zabucala abantu abanamandla.
• Isigaba VII - shadow amandla nkqo. Amagosa jika zokuxhathisa zabo ngamandla kubomi imisebenzi yabo ishishini. zezinkonzo Amandla kunye ofisi yomtshutshisi Kwandile uyazimela imisebenzi ibakhusela imfuno zabantu. Abagwebi, ukubonelela umgaqo-mandla zengingqi oko "fed up" kunye nayo.

Inkqubo Ukwenza amaziko, njengoko sibona, ufundwa ngokwemiqathango izigaba zalo ezisisiseko. Ngako oko ke, kubalulekile ukuba abe phantsi izinto ezakhayo kwaye osemthethweni kwintlalo yoluntu. Institute of kuqoqosho isithunzi, zisiba umgangatho wobomi abemi abaqhelekileyo, ziya kutshatyalaliswa kwiziko ngolawulo lomthetho.

Yokuhlalisana kunye nokwenziwa iziko

izifundo kwabantu kuluntu kwinkqubo yeziko kuthathelwa ingqalelo namaziko abo ezentlalo kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwabo, ubudlelwane kunye noluntu. Kwabantu ibonisa uluntu ngokwemiqathango iindlela zayo zangaphakathi kunye neentshukumo uphuhliso lwabo, ukuziphatha amaqela amakhulu abantu, ukongeza, impefumlelwano komntu kunye noluntu. Inika kwaye acacise kakuhle nesenzeko zentlalo kunye nokuziphatha kwabo abemi, kwakunye ukuqokelela nokucazulula idatha yamabanga lwezenhlalo.

Ukumiselwa Sociology uvakalisa eyona ngaphakathi kwale nzululwazi, iinkqubo odolo lwentlalo kunye be kunye neendima, yena ijonge ukuqinisekisa imisebenzi ebalulekileyo yoluntu. Ngoko ke, kukho isenzeko: isosioloji ngokwayo iwela phantsi inkcazelo ye-Institute.

Izigaba Development Sociology

izigaba hluke eziliqela kuphuhliso yokuhlalisana njenge kwihlabathi elitsha kwezenzululwazi.

• Inqanaba lokuqala ibhekisela-s 30 kwinkulungwane XIX, lo ngowona mxholo kolwabiwo kwakunye nendlela kwale nzululwazi yi-sobulumko French Auguste Comte.
• Okwesibini - "ixesha yokusebenza" kwesigama yenzululwazi, ukufumana ziingcali, umbutho of exchange ulwazi ngokusebenza zenzululwazi.
• Okwesithathu - imeko ngokwabo njengenxalenye ifilosofi "izazi".
• Okwesine - ukudalwa isikolo yokuhlalisana kunye nokucwangciswa kwijenali yokuqala yenzululwazi "lwezenhlalo Yonyaka". Sinokholo inkulu ilungu French Scientist-ngezentlalo Emile Durkheim kwi Sorbonne University. Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle koku, iSebe Sociology lavulwa kwiYunivesithi Columbia (1892)
• Isigaba sesihlanu, kukho uhlobo 'ingqalelo' likarhulumente, iye yaba ukuqaliswa amakhono lwezenhlalo kwiirejista zobungcali karhulumente. Ngenxa yoko, uluntu wagcina abonile yokuhlalisana.

Kule minyaka ingama-60 isosioloji American yafumana utyalo-mali olubalulekileyo longxowankulu. Ngenxa yoko, inani kwezentlalo American Zanda ku 20,000, kwaye nezihloko iimpapasho kweempepha lwezenhlalo - to 30 Inzululwazi iye uthathe indawo eyaneleyo eluntwini.

Xa kwabantu eSoviet ukuba waphila emva Oktobha Revolution ngo-1968 - e Moscow State University. isebe soda uphando lwezenhlalo. Ngowe-1974 kwafika ngamaxesha yokuqala, yaye ngo-1980 zibhalwa kwirejista wocikizeko lizwe wangena uvumo lwezenhlalo.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo kuphuhliso yokuhlalisana eRashiya, kufanelekile ukuba sikhankanye kuvulwa ngo-1989 kwiSebe University Moscow State of Sociology. Yena "wanikela isiqalo ebomini" 20 amawaka izazi.

Ngoko ke, lo kumaziko - yinkqubo eRashiya, lwenzeka, kodwa kukho ukulibaziseka - ngokunxulumene eFransi eUnited States - iminyaka elikhulu.

isiphelo

Kuluntu namhlanje esebenza amaziko ezininzi, akukho nto, kwaye iingqondo zabantu. imfundo yabo, ukumisela amaziko, yinkqubo iyanetha dialectical. amaziko akudala athathelwa indawo ezintsha, eveliswa iimfuno ezingundoqo zentlalo: unxibelelwano, imveliso, ukwabiwa, ukhuseleko, ukugcina ukungalingani kwezentlalo, ukusekwa ulawulo loluntu.