Lev Andau: engobomi emfutshane, igalelo kwinzululwazi

Lev Andau (iminyaka yobomi - 1908-1968) - yamachiza enkulu yiSoviet, owazalelwa Baku. Enakho inani uphando umdla nokufumanisa. Ngaba uphendule lo mbuzo, Lev Andau apho wafumana ibhaso le-Nobel? Kweli nqaku siza kuthetha impumelelo yayo kunye izibakala ezisisiseko buqu.

Origin Lev Andau

Uyakwazi uthethe ixesha elide malunga abaphengululi ezifana Lev Andau. Neminyaka yobomi, yokuphangela ukufezekisa le zemvelo - bonke abafundi ngokuqinisekileyo abanomdla. Masiqalise ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni - ukusuka imvelaphi sisazinzulu elizayo.

Wazalwa usapho Uthando kunye noDavide Andau. Uyise waba injineli noko ezaziwayo-kakuhle petroleum. Yena wayesebenza emasimini ioli. Njengoko unina, ngenxa wobugcisa, waba ngugqirha. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba lo mfazi wenziwa uphononongo nokomzimba. Njengoko ubona, Lev Andau weza evela intsapho ofundileyo. Udade wabo omdala, ngasendleleni, uye injineli imichiza.

iminyaka yokufunda

Lev Davidovich waba kwisikolo samabanga aphakamileyo, nto leyo eyenziwe krelekrele bathweswa izidanga ekupheleni kweminyaka engama-13. Abazali bakhe bagqiba ukuba kusekho unyana wabo ndandimncinci kakhulu ukuba bafunde kwiziko lemfundo ephakamileyo. Ngoko ke ndagqiba kwelokuba ndimthumele kuye unyaka omnye Technical School Baku Economic. Emva koko, ngo-1922, ungeniswe kwiYunivesithi Baku. Apha Lev Andau wafunda chemistry yemvelo. Kwiminyaka emibini kamva, Lev Davidovich yadluliselwa University of eLeningrad, kwiSebe Physics.

Umsebenzi lobunzululwazi yokuqala, ukufunda isidanga

Xa Ndandineminyaka eyishumi elinethoba Andau sele umbhali amaphepha ezine zenzululwazi ziye zapapashwa. Kwenye ezo amaphepha-kuthiwa matrix mninzi yasetyenziswa okokuqala. Eli gama lisetyenziswa kule mihla ngokubanzi. Zichazwe we quantum States amandla. Andau waphumelela kwiYunivesithi ngo-1927. Emva koko ababhalise esikolweni abanezidanga yi-iLeningrad Physico-Technical Institute. Kwesi sikolo, wasebenza phezu electrodynamics quantum kunye nethiyori ye-electron ngemagnethi.

uhambo ishishini

Kweli thuba ukususela 1929 ukuya 1931 Yayingumsebenzi yenzululwazi Lev Andau. Neminyaka yobomi, umsebenzi kunye nempumelelo ISAZINZULU enxibelelene intsebenziswano olusondeleyo kunye nabo bamanye amazwe. Ngoko ke, ebudeni hambo, waya eSwitzerland, eJamani, eNetherlands, eNgilane Denmark. Ngexesha le minyaka wayedibana waza wadibana wabaseki of ubucukubhede quantum, nto leyo ubonakele nje. Phakathi izazinzulu, apho wadibana Andau, waba uWolfgang uPauli, Werner Heisenberg kunye Niels Bohr. Hamba uye uhlale Lev Davidovich mizwa friendly bonke ubomi bakhe. Le Scientist iphenjelelwa ingakumbi ngamandla Andau.

Lev Davidovich, ngoxa amazwe wenziwe zophando ezibalulekileyo electron mahala (iimpawu zazo magnetic). Ukongeza, kunye Peierls wayeqhuba uphando kunye ubucukubhede umyinge relativistic. Ngenxa kulo msebenzi Lev Andau, umsebenzi ukuba noogxa abanomdla amazwe, lajongwa njengomnye eziphambili yemvelo theoretical component. Izazinzulu ziye zafunda indlela yokujongana neenkqubo ezintsonkothileyo kakhulu theoretical component. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba mva yi uyakwazi oko Ukugunda kakhulu xa Andau waqalisa ukwenza uphando ezisezantsi-lobushushu physics.

Ukufudukela eKharkov

Lev Davidovich ngo-1931 wabuyela eLeningrad. Noko ke, wagqiba kwelokuba bafudukele eKharkov, ngelo xesha yayilikomkhulu Ukraine. Apha, isazinzulu asebenza Ukrainian Physico-Technical Institute, inganga zesebe lakhe theoretical component. Kwangaxeshanye Lev Davidovich obeyintloko yeSebe Physics theory kwiYunivesithi eKharkov kunye eKharkov Institute of Mechanical Engineering. Ngowe-1934, i-USSR Academy of Sciences yanikezelwa kuye iqondo Doctor bePhysical ne-Mathematical Sciences. Ukuze wenze oku, Andau kwakungeyomfuneko ukuba akhusele imiqingo yakhe. Isihloko njingalwazi wawongwa kunyaka olandelayo ukuya abaphengululi ezifana Lev Andau.

Umsebenzi kuyo zagutyungelwa zonke iindawo ezintsha kwinzululwazi. Andau eKharkov iye yapapashwa imisebenzi kwizihloko ezifana kwiintsali isandi, imvelaphi lwamandla obalaseleyo, ukusasazeka wokukhanya, ukhutshelo eqhubeka yangqubana esebenzayo, iimpawu kazibuthe izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nabanye. Ngenxa oku, waba eyaziwa njenge enye ingcali, abe nomdla zenzululwazi wenza izinto ngendlela engaqhelekanga.

A isici esasenza imisebenzi Andau kaThixo

Kamva, xa kwakukho physics plasma, Andau bachitha amasuntswana zihlanganise ngombane, kwaba luncedo kakhulu. Ngokuboleka ingqiqo obizwa ezithile Scientist wenze inani iimbono ezintsha kwiinkqubo eziphantsi-lobushushu. Ndimele ndithi ukuba wonke umsebenzi Andau luphawulwa phawu enye ebalulekileyo - a virtuoso usebenzisa izixhobo zemathematika ekufumaneni izisombululo kwiingxaki ezinzima. Lev Andau wenza igalelo elibalulekileyo kwithiyori zobungakanani ngokunjalo isifundo intsebenziswano endalo kunye amasuntswana ezinesiqalelo.

isikolo Lev Andau

Uluhlu yophando lwakhe libanzi ngokwenene. Zingasebenza phantse kuzo zonke iinkalo eziphambili physics theoretical component. Ngenxa kule nobubanzi iimfanelo zakhe sisazinzulu batsalwa eKharkov izazinzulu abatsha abanetalente ezininzi kunye nabafundi unesiphiwo. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho Lifshits evgeniy Mihaylovich, owaba lilungu Lva Davidovicha kunye nomhlobo wakhe osenyongweni. Isikolo akhulile ngeenxa Lev Andau, IKharkiv wajika waya kwelinye lamaziko phambili physics theoretical component kwi-USSR.

Le Isazinzulu Wayeqinisekile ukuba yesayensi yemvelo kufuneka wayewazi kuzo zonke iinkalo yenzululwazi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, Lev Davidovich liphuhlise inkqubo yoqeqesho onzima kakhulu. Wabiza inkqubo 'ubuncinane theoretical component ". Abenzi-zicelo abanqwenela ukuthatha inxaxheba kule semina, ikhokelwa nguye, kwafuneka ukuba ukuhlangabezana neemfuno phezulu kakhulu. Kwanele ukuba bathi kwiminyaka engama-30, nangona ukubenza ezininzi, abantu-40 kuphela ophumelele iimviwo kwi "ubuncinane theoretical component". Noko ke, abo benza oko, Lev Davidovich ngesisa Ndamnika ixesha nengqalelo yabo. Ukongeza, inkululeko epheleleyo yokuzikhethela wanikwa kubo xa ukhetha isihloko sophando.

Ukudalwa course Physics theory

Andau Lev Davidovich igcine nobuhlobo kunye nabasebenzi bayo nakubafundi. Ngothando ngokuba umphengululi anka. Ukubanceda kuzo ngo-1935, Lev Davidovich wadala ikhondo eneenkcukacha physics theoretical component. Yanyatheliswa ngokudibene ne-Andau E. M. Lifshitsem yaye uthotho zezifundo. ababhali babo umxholo ukuhlaziya nokuhlaziya ukuba eminye iminyaka engama-20. Yaphinda yathandwa omkhulu ezi zibonelelo. Baye iguqulelwe kwiilwimi ezininzi. Okwangoku, le ncwadi kamasipala ziyahlonelwa. Ngowe-1962, kulwenziwo ikhosi Andau kunye Lifshitz wafumana Prize Lenin.

Ukusebenza Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich ngo-1937, wasabela isimemo Petra Kapitsy (umfanekiso wakhe uvezwa kamva) waza waba yintloko yesebe ophanda theoretical component kwi-Moscow Institute of Physical Iingxaki, ngokutsha ngelo xesha. Kodwa ke kunyaka olandelayo ISAZINZULU wabanjwa. ambeke yayikukuba babenze zaseMelika wakhetha eJamani. Bulelani kuphela songenelelo Kapitza, ngubani ngokobuqu wabhenela incwadi yesicelo, Lev Andau wakhululwa.

Xa Andau bafuduka eKharkov eMoscow, Kapitsa nje ukwenza umfuniselo helium ulwelo. Ukuba lobushushu lihla ngezantsi 4.2 K (ubushushu ingundoqo ulinganiswa kelvins, kwaye ilinganiswa ukusuka -273,18 ° C, ngamanye amazwi ukusuka elililo zero), irhasi helium uba engamanzi. Kule meko ibizwa ngokuba helium-1. Ukuba lobushushu lisezantsi ukuya 2.17 K, ibuyisela na ulwelo, obizwa ngokuba helium-2. Kuye umdla kakhulu iipropati. Helium-2 uyakwazi ngokulula kuqukuqela Ekungeneni zincinane. Kubonakala ngathi viscosity kuyo emsebenzini ngokupheleleyo. Iziyobisi akhwele eludongeni isitya, ngokungathi umxhuzulane aluchaphazeli kuye. Ukongeza, conductivity yayo thermal ngaphezu kokuba conductivity oshushu of ubhedu amakhulu amaxesha. Kapitsa sagqiba ngokuba superfluid helium-2 ulwelo. Noko ke, kwafunyanwa uvavanyo xa ukuba hayi viscosity ngu zero.

Izazinzulu ziye zacebisa ukuba le yokuziphatha engaqhelekanga luchazwa kwimiphumo abakulo mmandla nje physics classical kunye nethiyori quantum. Ezi ziphumo kwenzeka kuphela kumaqondo obushushu aphantsi. Kaninzi musa kufika eziqinileyo, ekubeni izinto ezininzi ngumkhenkce phantsi kwezi meko. Le uba helium. Le into zero ingundoqo kuhlala ulwelo ukuba ayifakwanga phantsi koxinzelelo oluphezulu. László Tisza ngo-1938 godu wacebisa ukuba eneneni helium elulwelo - umxube iintlobo ezimbini: a helium-2 (superfluid) kunye helium-1 (ulwelo eziqhelekileyo). Xa lobushushu kusithwa zero kufuphi ngokupheleleyo, icandelo kuqala iba lubalaseleyo. Lo mbono uchaza yimbonakalo viscosity ezahlukeneyo kwiimeko ezahlukeneyo.

Andau wachaza le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa superfluidity

Lev Andau, kwincwadi engobomi bomntu emfutshane ichaza kuphela impumelelo yayo ephambili, ayikwazanga ukucacisa le ngxaki yokusetyenziswa superfluidity, usebenzisa izixhobo entsha ngokupheleleyo izibalo. Ezinye izazinzulu ziye wayama ukukhanda quantum, ethi isetyenziswe ekuhlalutyeni ukuziphatha atom ngamnye. Andau kwakhona ngokutsha imeko umyinge wemali ilulwelo phantse ngokufanayo ukuba babomelele. Wabeka phambili hypothesis ukuba kukho amacandelo amabini excitation, okanye intshukumo. Eyokuqala kwezi - na phonons, echaza ukuba andise eqhelekileyo rectilinear Amaza isandi xa amaxabiso aphantsi amandla amandla. Okwesibini - rotons echaza isindululo ejikelezayo. Le yokugqibela yi ibinzana entsonkothileyo kakhulu excitations zenzeka energy ephezulu noncedo. Le Isazinzulu yaphawula ukuba nesenzeko baphawula kungachazwa ukuba roton kunye ngokucothayo iminikelo kunye ngokuzibandakanya kwabo.

Andau wayesithi ukuba helium esingamanzi kuthathwa licandelo "eqhelekileyo", oko kukuthi ngokunzulu kwi "ngasemva" superfluid. njani ukuchaza into yokuba helium engamanzi ziya kuphelelwa nge isikhewu elimxinwa? Le sisazinzulu esaziwayo ukuba kuphela icandelo superfluid kule meko kwemali. A phonons rotons kwaye zingqubane iindonga, nokubagcina.

Ixabiso theory Andau

Andau ithiyori, kunye nokuphucula ukuba udlale indima ebaluleke kakhulu kwinzululwazi. Abayi lula ukucacisa nesenzeko wathi, kodwa yaqikelela nabanye abambalwa. Omnye umzekelo - ukuba andise amaza ezimbini zinezinto ezahlukeneyo kubizwa ngokuba isandi yokuqala neyesibini. Isandi lokuqala amaza isandi eziqhelekileyo, lo gama okwesibini wave thermal. Ngenxa kwithiyori oluphuhliswe Andau, izazinzulu bakwazi ukwenza inkqubela ebonakalayo ekuqondeni uhlobo esebenzayo.

Ngexesha Second World War kunye nexesha kwempi

Lev Davidovich ngexesha Second World War, wafundela udubulo kwaye otshisayo. Ngokukodwa, awayenomdla amaza. Emva Meyi 1945 yaye de-1962 sisazinzulu usebenza imisebenzi eyahlukeneyo. Ingakumbi ke kuphandwe onge helium Isotope ukuba yimilinganiso atomic-3 (ngokuqhelekileyo ubunzima balo 4). Lev Davidovich kwangaphambili ubukho besi Isotope ukuba uhlobo olutsha lwamaza andise. I 'isandi zero "- wabelithiyiwe oko Lev Davidovich Andau. ngobomi bakhe iphawulwe, ukongeza, ukuthatha inxaxheba ekudalweni ibhombu atom eSoviet Union.

Crash, ibhaso Nobel kunye kwiminyaka yokugqibela yobomi bakhe

Xa wayeneminyaka eli-53 yena wangena kwingozi yemoto ngenxa abasamkelayo yokulimala. A lot of oogqirha evela eSoviet Union, France, Canada, eCzechoslovakia, walwela ngenxa yomphefumlo sisazinzulu. Wahlala zingqondweni kwiiveki ezi-6. Kwiinyanga ezintathu emva kwengozi imoto nam bendingamazi bavale Lev Andau. I-Nobel Prize yanikezelwa kuye 1962. Noko ke, ngenxa yezizathu zempilo yena akakwazi ukuya ku Stockholm lokuzamkela. Kwifoto ngezantsi ungabona Andau kunye nomfazi wakhe esibhedlele.

Umvuzo yawongwa sisazinzulu eMoscow. Emva koko Lev Davidovich waphila iminyaka 6, kodwa ubuyele uphando kwaye abakwazanga. Lev Andau wafa eMoscow ngenxa yeengxaki emanxebeni ayo.

Andau ekhaya

Scientist ngo-1937 watshata Drobantsevoy Concordia, inkqubo injineli entsimini ushishino ukutya. Eli bhinqa inzalelwane eKharkov. Iminyaka yobomi bakhe - 1908-1984. Intsapho wazala unyana, owathi kamva waba yamachiza iyahlolwa kwaye wasebenza Institute for Physical Iingxaki. Kwifoto ngezantsi sidwelisa Andau kunye nonyana wakhe.

Le nto yonke into kuxelelwa ngayo abaphengululi ezifana Lev Andau. engobomi bakhe ethi, Kakade ke, kuquka kuphela iinyaniso ezisisiseko. Eyeza wadala inzima kakhulu ukuze umfundi ngequbuliso. Ngoko ke, eli nqaku kuphela ngokufutshane sithetha ngendlela ngokwenza odumileyo Lev Andau. Biography kunye impumelelo iingcali zenzululwazi umdla omkhulu ehlabathini lonke.