Izazi - it ... Science uLungiselelo. zesayensi eziphawulekayo

Ukufundwa - zizifundo ezinika umdla ovumela umntu ukuba ukujonga zabo kwangaphambili kunye nezigaba ikhoyo zazivelela, ngokunjalo ufunda ngembali yabantu ezahlukeneyo kunye namaqela eentlanga. Yiyo loo nto iingcali eziphambili ayikwazi ukuba owaziwa rhoqo kakuhle kakhulu, kodwa ifanelwe kakhulu ingqalelo. Siye kwakhona sajonga ezinye zazo.

Carlos Castaneda

Mhlawumbi semvelaphi idumileyo American. Carlos Castaneda - hayi nje sisazinzulu, kodwa umbhali onesiphiwo odale umlando kwiimfundiso shaman Indiya. umsebenzi wakhe akukho sezandleni ukuba uhlobo oluthile - an kuyondelelaniswe yokuqala uncwadi, ngezengqondo, ezizwe kunye nobugqi. Ezinye definition Castaneda zisetyenziselwa zesayensi ngoku kuphela - kukuthi, umzekelo, isigama "iindawo yamandla" okanye "indibano indawo". Carlos ngokwakhe waphefumlelwa kwimibhalo Aldous Huxley, kwakunye imifanekiso yamaxhwele bengingqi Lima, apho ixesha nentsapho yakhe babehlala. Ukongeza, isangqa yakhe kwakukho nengxubusho ebangel izimvo ukuba kukho ithuba amaphupha kweenkqubo. Ngowe-1959, Castaneda waphumelela ekholejini kunye yezengqondo diploma, yaye ngowe-1960 wangena University kunye enkulu yabantu, apho benza ngakumbi kakhulu ekufundeni iintlanga yayo umdla. I waya eMexico, Arizona. Mxholo uphambili imisebenzi yenzululwazi Castaneda kukusetyenziswa izityalo hallucinogenic ukuba izithethe shamanic namaNdiya.

Ezhen Dyubua

Izazi babeye abaziingcali amayeza. Ngoko ke, i umDatshi Ezhen Dyubua, owaba novulindlela Pithecanthropus, yaba ugqirha yasemkhosini. Yaba nguye owafumana ngamaqhekeza ukhakhayi i skeleton yobuso kunye iintlobo femurs, nto leyo iza kuthi ke nayo kufundwa njengomnye iminyanya yomntu. Quest Pithecanthropus wahamba phezu kwisiqithi Java ne Trinil, zamaqula ngokuphindaphindiweyo salwenza kunye neziphumo ezifanayo, kwaye e Leiden, apho abembi baye bakwazi ukufumana amathambo. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba, loo uphando akazange athathe Dubois ngeenxa zonke kuye zesayensi. Kwakubonakala isigqibo engaqhelekanga kakhulu futhi impikiswano. Paleoanthropology kuphela usaqala, kwaye imvelaphi uye ngokwaneleyo efunda. Enye into engaqhelekanga - Dubois wabonisa ukhakhayi eengcali French, kodwa emva kwesidlo sangokuhlwa, walibala kwibhegi yakhe efunyaniswe yokutyela. Ngethamsanqa, yena wabuyela - kungenjalo bento ebalulekileyo singa singa lahleka.

Rudolf Virchow

Ukufundwa - inzululwazi imvelaphi yabantu, olusekelwe phezu kumbiwa nohlalutyo iindawo ndifumene amathambo kunye namathambo. uluvo nganye, enyanisweni, kuphela guess, ngoko ke iziphumo ingaba engalindelekanga. Ngenxa yoko, uRudolf Virchow adumileyo wakhanyela ukuba kungenzeka ubukho Pithecanthropus kunye Neanderthal, discrediting iziphumo ezifunyenwe abanye abaphandi. Oku nempembelelo kakhulu kuphuhliso inzululwazi, nangona ngengqiqo negative. zesayensi olubonakalayo basoloko ndaphulaphula izimvo oogxa, kunye namazwi Virchow ubengenakuya nakuthathatha. Wayecinga ukuba amathambo Neanderthal - kuhlala ekubekwe kunye umntu okhubazekileyo ngengqondo. Ufumana ezinxulumene Pithecanthropus, wafumana amathambo a Gibbon. Ngokubanzi, kukholelwa ukuba amadoda eziphili kakhulu kunokwenzeka, kodwa ke xa kujongwa nantoni na mathambo afumaneka asikwazi kuba ngenxa yobudala kunye notshintsho zophendlo lwezifo. Washiya uphawu yakhe Virchow kunye zakudala. Ndafumana de Sautuola emqolombeni imizobo Paleolithic wabiza a ngabom manga, leyo lwanciphisa isifundo lesikhumbuzo yamandulo yobuciko Spain iminyaka emininzi.

Gustav Koenigswald

Kuyamangalisa ukuba ufunde malunga nendlela izinto ezincinane maxa wambi inokuba ngokwaneleyo ukulisebenzisa ukwenza zesayensi sophando olukhulu. Oku kunokuba isiqwengana ithambo okanye amazinyo nje. Yaba isiseko zakutshanje imisebenzi zenzululwazi le sisazinzulu waseJamani Gustav Koenigswald. In amazinyo ukusuka Chinese ekhemisi iivenkile kunye ezafunyanwa ngabembi bezinto zakudala Java, wachaza Meganthropus kunye Pithecanthropus. Uphando lwakhe, uye nzulu isifundo Ezhena Dyubua. Xa amazinyo kwiivenkile zamachiza e-Hong Kong wakwazi ukumisa ubukho entsha uhlobo Peking Man, bengazi zesayensi ngaphambili. Phakathi kwezinye izinto, uYesu wachaza ezibumnturha Ngandong, owawusebenza Java noMzantsi China. Ukongeza kubantu naye wayefunda ezimbiwa Up-utan.

Leakey ekhaya

Ngamanye amaxesha Ukufundwa yabantu uthwala akukho sisazinzulu enye, kodwa ke indlu yonke lweengcali. Faces abazalwana umfazi omnye kubo, abantwana kunye nabazukulwana - nentsapho zesayensi owayendifundisa matye zaseKenya, okuseleyo iinkawu kunye ezibumnturha eMpuma Afrika. Louis noMariya esebenza Olduvai Gorge, noRichard wafunda Lake Turkana. Ngenxa nenkcazo Adakey usapho iintlobo ezininzi njengoko okhokho babantu, kunye obeku- enziwe ngeefosili anqongophele. Isiphumo esiphambili yaba kwafunyanwa Australopithecus eMpuma Afrika, kwakunye kokufunyanwa "abantu ofanelekileyo." Baye baba unxibelelwano phakathi archanthropines kunye Paranthropus boisei, esongeza kwikhonkco yendaleko.

uMikhail Gerasimov

Semvelaphi, nomkroli kunye zakudala esuka eRussia wenza igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso yenzululwazi. indlela yakhe yokubuyisela imbonakalo yomntu uhlala ezisetyenziswa ngabantu abaninzi namhlanje. Sele iminyaka elishumi elinamithathu Michael wayesebenza kule myuziyam yokwakheka, 18 babhala inqaku lwenzululwazi malunga kwimingxuma Palaeolithic. Ukutyhubela iminyaka, Gerasimov uye wadala ngaphezu kwamakhulu amabini emifanekisweni eni zembali. Kakade ke, yokufundwa - inzululwazi ngemvelaphi yomntu ngokubanzi, kodwa kwakhona ezithile abantu kunye neempawu zazo kuwa phakathi kwenkululeko neemfuno zayo. Ngoko ke, ukuvuselelwa imbonakalo Ivana Groznogo, Yaroslava Mudrogo kunye Fridriha Shillera ibaluleke kangaka. Ukongeza, ubuchule likuvumela ukuba ukudala imifanekiso yabantu bamandulo - Australopithecus, Pithecanthropus, Neanderthal. Ukuqalisa kubandakanya ukuqokelela izinto eziyinyaniso. Gerasimov singqiniwe ubudlelwane ngqo amathambo kunye kwizihlunu ezithambileyo ngokusekelwe awayidalayo ngokutsha. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba xa asebenza nabo bagqiba uvavanyo Gerasimov waza wamnika lukakayi, ngaphandle kokucacisa lowo engeyakhe. Wakwazi ukuseta imbonakalo Papuan, nto leyo phantse twatse ifoto - yaba lukakayi kwaziswa ngexesha hambo Maclay.

sergey Gorbenko

Njengoko kukhankanyiwe ngasentla, ngokufuthi zesayensi - oogqirha, wabiza yingcali Russian - akukho ngaphandle. Gorbenko eziqeqeshelwe kwilebhu ye-Institute Maclay, anokufundiswa indlela ngokutsha Gerasimov. Wamela PhD phezu ngokutsha shape of Yaroslav Osmomysl. Eyona mpumelelo ibalulekileyo intsebenzo eni emininzi kartel aphakathi French iNkosi uLouis XI, kunye namanye amaqhawe aziwayo-kakuhle kwimbali elo xesha. Okwangoku, lokubandakanyeka Skulls zophando yemvelaphi ukusuka Cleary San Andre.