Ingxabano - ulwazi yohlobo shishino: theoretical, isicelo kwakunye nemiqathango kwaye isicelo?

Ezinye izazinzulu baye babonisa ukuba ulawulo impixano ingqinelana phantse yonke yesebe ulwazi lwabantu. Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe ulwazi apho kudibana zenzululwazi ezahlukeneyo, kodwa ngaphezu zonke ujongana iindlela kunye nophuhliso bulumko, ngezengqondo yokuhlalisana. Le inzululwazi ngoku liya lisiba elizimeleyo, kodwa yena wazalwa ezinzulwini kwezi nkalo. Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe ulwazi (endalo, eziya kumiselwa ekupheleni inqaku), nto leyo kwamiswa ekudibaneni lwamacandelo multiple - izicelo, sethiyori ithiyori kwaye isicelo.

iindlela ezahlukeneyo ingxabano

Okokuqala kufuneka siyiqonde into ukufunda ulawulo impixano, ziziphi iindlela ezahlukeneyo kumxholo kwale nzululwazi. Ezi ukubuka ngenxa izimvo ezahlukeneyo ngohlobo lomntu. Umzekelo, Hobbes wayekholelwa ukuba ngokwemvelo kwimo ubutshaba eluntwini, yena ukuba ibinzana elithi "umzabalazo onke nxamnye bonke." izinto ngabanye senze njalo kunye nomdla woluntu ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. Le yokwaba ubutyebi kunye nokuqonda ezahlukeneyo zabantu zobulungisa.

Kwelinye icala, umphengululi yamandulo yamaGrike uAristotle wayekholelwa ukuba iimfuno zoluntu kufuneka kuqala phezu iimfuno zomntu. Ngapha koko, umntu yinxalenye kwaye phantse kuphela kwiimeko ezininzi bagwetyelwe nentshabalalo.

Ungquzulwano and Western Society

Umntu ibisoloko afune iindlela zokusombulula ngempumelelo iimbambano. Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe ngolwazi, nesuka imfuno exhalisayo ukugcina uxolo phakathi kwamaqela ezahlukeneyo zentlalo kunye nobuhlanga kwaye, ngenxa yoko, ubomi abaninzi. Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba eYurophu kakhulu womelele-ukusasazeka theory of Marxism. yokucinga ezisisiseko azezi umbuzo somzabalazo phakathi kwiiklasi ezahlukeneyo zoqoqosho. Ngoko ke, ukususela ngelo xesha, kwimpucuko yaseYurophu ufunda indlela kakhulu nangakumbi ekusonjululweni lweemfazwe nomdla zamaqela ezahlukeneyo. Eyona iphambili nkqubo yaseYurophu kukukwazi alalanise.

Erazm Rotterdamsky kufanele wathi: "Imfazwe Kumnandi kwabo bangamaziyo." Ngoko ke Ungquzulwano sibaluleke kangaka namhlanje.

Ingxabano eRussia

Umgaqo esingundoqo ke kuyimfuneko ukuba ukwakha ekusombululeni iingxabano kwimbali Russian, waye siseko catholicity. Umntu kusoloko yinxalenye lonke, kwaye umahluko heretical kwaye kufuneka bohlwaywe ngokuqatha.

I Revolution of 1917 yazisa sengqondo entsha ungquzulwano: oko uyakhuthazwa ukuba balwe izilangazelelo zabo, ukubuyiselwa kobulungisa. Kumaxesha yobusoshiyali, ndoda, phezu koko, ubukhulu kancinci kakhulu ukuba ilungelo lokuvota - uza kuba yinxalenye yenkqubo enkulu kuba inzuzo yakhe kunye nomsebenzi.

Ukuba sithethe ngayo iinkolelo Russian xa iyonke, kuquka iimbono yoluntu mihla, oko luphawulwa siseko kuyanda nokuzincama, ukungahoywa izinto zabo egameni loluntu. Ezona mpawu ziphambili zale ubuzwe ngokunxulumene impi cwaka nokwala. Oku, ngokutsho izazinzulu, ubukhulu becala ngenxa yokuba iindlela Western zokusebenza iiyantlukwano kakubi kakhulu zona eluntwini Russian.

Umahluko kunye nethiyori ye Paul McLean

Ungquzulwano njengesebe ulwazi lwenzululwazi ubandakanya ezibonakala uqhele ukusuka indawo yakhe yolwazi babantu, njengoko nokwakheka zomzimba. Udibana njani kule nkalo?

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo kufuneka siqwalasele oko kwenzeka ngexesha impixano kwinqanaba iinkqubo kule nkqubo luvo, kwakunye ukuqwalasela isakhiwo yokugqibela. Njengoko usazi, enye ingqondo zabantu ezahlukeneyo ukusuka ingqondo nezilwanyana phambi kwentliziyi - le neuron. Le nxalenye inoxanduva iinkqubo ukucinga, umbono olwaneleyo ezikhona, ukufikelela kwizigqibo okwenyaniso. Kwentliziyi, okanye ixolo entsha, unoxanduva self-ulwazi, imbono ezingundoqo, uhlalutyo meko.

Imfundiso intambo entlu sele ziphuhlisiwe kwaye bungqinelwa-nzulu American Paul MacLean. Le ezinxulumene ngqo iinkqubo, ejongisisa imbambano.

Inxalenye elilandelayo ilimbiki yengqondo okanye emphefumlweni. Le ndawo sele abadala kunye noxanduva ngakumbi ubume ekuhlaleni kunye neemvakalelo. Ingqondo limbic ku ezincancisayo neentaka.

Kwaye ekugqibeleni, ngexesha umsebenzi ungquzulwano uba iindawo ezininzi yamandulo zezirhubuluzi yobuchopho ekuthiwa njalo-. Eli sebe senziwa umntwana ukuya kwiminyaka emithathu, aze athi - njengoko gama libonisa - kuba imisebenzi kakhulu kwakudala. Ngokubanzi kakhulu ke ukufuna uyolo nokuphepha iintlungu. Le nkqubo kwi omdala onoxanduva ulwaneliseko yindlala, ukufumana neqabane ngesondo, ahlasele, okanye flight reaction.

Ngoko ke, ukuziphatha komntu luqinisekiswa kakhulu ukuba yinxalenye esebenzayo ngexesha elinikiweyo. Ukuba ingxabano, kufuneka uqonde ukuba le nkqubo ibandakanya kwezona ndawo wamandulo ebuchotsheni. Ngesi ukuqonda, ezinxulumene iingcebiso ezininzi yokuziphatha kwimeko ingxabano a - kufuneka ugxininise izibalo zemathematika, uhlalutyo kokusingqongileyo meko, ukucinga naziphi na iingxaki ubhalo. Le usuke of ingqalelo kunceda kwakhona ugqaliselo excitation kwindawo yokothula "humanized".

Ingcaciso yenjongosenzi ungquzulwano

Yeyona ndawo ibalulekileyo isigqibo nayiphi ingxabano. Ngelo xesha nye yeyona nto inzima. Injongo ungquzulwano amaninzi nesigqubuthelo kwicala elinye okanye zombini. Naye ngamanye amaxesha umntu endaweni yakhe kuba Ukuphumeza iinjongo zabo kunye zazo. Ngokomzekelo, kwiimeko ezininzi, into somzabalazo phakathi tipolitiki ngamandla. Nangona kunjalo, lo ngumba kudla indawo ngomnye. Umzekelo, ukulwa utshintsho phantsi ngesebe yokukhathalela abantu. Ngoko ke ngexa amanene ukufihla iintshukumisa ezinzulu.

Ungquzulwano njengesebe nangokwasengqondweni ulwazi yenzelwe ekwahluleni iintshukumisa yokwenene umahluko phakathi kwabantu.

Injongo ungquzulwano zingahlukaniswa sifundo. Le yokugqibela ibizwa yintswela ugqithayo amaqela ukuba impi ukuba angene imbambano.

Ubume ungquzulwano

Akukho mathandabuzo ukuba ezinye zokulawula impixano elithile - kwisebe ulwazi ezikumila yeengcingane, kuba ungenakuxhomekeka iindlela kunye iimpumelelo zenzululwazi theoretical component. Etsala imeko ethile, umphandi Ozahlulayo iincindi ziqhelekilyo naluphi na ungquzulwano. Izazinzulu ngokwesiseko kokukhupha ananzi yabelwe eziliqela umahluko izigaba meko.

1. sigaba Pre-ungquzulwano. Ebalasele ukwanda ukungaqondani phakathi na kodwa ukuba emacaleni ephikisayo. Izizathu ukuqala ngeli thuba kolwaphulo ngokwenene iimfuno iqela elinye okanye imbono egqwethekileyo yokuziphatha, okanye ulwazi olungeyonyaniso malunga nokuziphatha kwelinye iqela.
2. Ngaphezu koko akukho yamva. Eli nqanaba eyingozi kakhulu, ekubeni inkqubo izidubedube uya kwandisa kuphela, ngaloo ndlela kwandisa ungquzulwano. Kweli nqanaba, kufuneka usebenzise ulwazi ezifumaneka kwi yokugcina zokusombulula impixano, kunye nokuthintela ngakumbi ukwanda ingxabano.
3. Isisombululo Step. Ukufikelela sigaba kwenzeka xa amaqela aqonde ukuba kufuneka bazazi imeko ukuba yintoni ngokwenene na. Kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuthatha ingqalelo ulwazi oluyinyaniso, ukuqonda ukuba impumelelo ixabiso linokuba ngaphezulu prohibitively ngaphezu ilahleko.
4. Uthetha-thethwano. Kweli nqanaba, la umahluko ekugqibeleni. Kuphandwa izisombululo kwimiba aseleyo, amaphepha ayimfuneko zisayiniwe, ifikelele izivumelwano ezithile.

Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, le nxalenye vakalelo kwembambano liqonga kukwanekwa. It eliphikisa ungaya kwi meko eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo.

Ungquzulwano kunye noMthetho

Apho kudibana Sciences ezimbini - Ungquzulwano kileyo - kumiswa elinye isebe zabucala isayensi ngomahluko: Impixano Law. Olu yesebe ulwazi lifunda iindlela ukunqanda ungquzulwano ukuba kwenzeka ingozi izifundo ezisemthethweni. Iyilelwe ukuba ukuchonga Uphawu kolu didi imithetho ngasonye.

Ungquzulwano Legal - yinto isebe kolwazi umlinganiswa zombini engqondweni zomthetho. Le mbini kungenxa kokunikeza zombini nkalo. nobukhulu bayo kubonisa ubunjalo umthetho. Isebenza Kwakhona ulwazi lwezenhlalo kwaye ngokwasengqondweni kwaye ukuba becala yinto uqeqesho isicelo.

Iintlobo izimpi bengqondo

Xa uhlobo, ezi ndidi zilandelayo zongquzulwano: intrapersonal, nabanye, phakathi ngamnye kunye neqela, phakathi kwamaqela, kwakunye nezomhlaba.

ungquzulwano Intrapersonal - lo mahluko phakathi iinkalo ezahlukeneyo lobume lwangaphakathi woMntu. Yena Uphatha ngaphakathi kwakhe zombini iintshukumisa unesimilo ezahlukeneyo, nto leyo iyaphikisana. mfazwe na unobangela States bangonwabi.

ungquzulwano obudlelwana lunokwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. flow lwabo luxhomekeke ngokobunjani ngokwasengqondweni labantu abangena ingxabano weqondo wokuhambelana.

Ungquzulwano phakathi ngamnye kunye neqela kungenxa ukubhidana phakathi izimvo zeqela kunye ngamnye. Kunokuba ibe yingozi neyobuchule.

NATIONAL ungquzulwano kwakhona eziziimpawu umlinganiswa kakhulu abohlukeneyo. Olu hlobo impi ezahlukeneyo yandile yayo. Bayakwazi kwenzeka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo: kwezopolitiko, kwezoqoqosho, kwezentlalo.

nezomhlaba phakathi kwamazwe okanye amaqela ithi kuvela.

Kwakhona kuyahlukahlukana conflictologists nezinye iintlobo ezimbini iimbambano. Ezi ziqendwana-iindidi ezimbini bayahluka, ngokuxhomekeke kwiimfuno omnye behlelelekile okanye amaqela zombini: kwempixano umdla nongquzulwano ngokwasengqondweni. na yokugqibela ezinxulumene somahluko izimvo, izimvo ngemiba eyahlukeneyo. Impixano umdla enemo eyahlukileyo. Bona onxulumene ukuhlukunyezwa iimfuno ezikhawulezileyo.

Iindlela zokusombulula ingxabano

Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe kolwazi ithiyori, kwelinye icala; kodwa kwi enye - loo nto ijolise ekusombululeni imibuzo ezisebenzayo. Nenjongo yakhe ephambili, Kakade ke, kukuba ukoyisa ungquzulwano abuyisele uxolo. Xa iyonke kukho iindlela ezininzi kangaka.

1. Ukusilela. Lubonakala yi bavume amaqela.
2. Ukuphepha iingxaki. Kulo mzekelo omnye amaqela ungquzulwano uqalisa ngoyaba ungquzulwano kwaye uyala ukuqonda iimfuno zabo. Loo ndlela, gxebe, akayi kuthetha ngalo isigqibo, kwaye kuyekelela ukungavumelani meko.
3. Concessions ukuya kwicala elinye. Enyanisweni, oko timeserving indlela yokucombulula, kodwa ilahleko enkulu uba sezintlungwini, sikwancedela ngakumbi.
4. Ukubandakanyeka kwamaqela wesithathu. Abantu okanye amaqela asekuhlaleni ukuba akanamdla kwisifundo ingxabano, zinceda ukusombulula imeko ephikisanayo. ntonje isisombululo kuphela.
5. Cooperation. Eyona ndlela kakhulu nemveliso. Lubonakala yi ubuchule bokucalula iimfuno kwelinye icala kwaye bancede welinye iqela ukuba wenza izinto. Kuthatha indawo qho okuhambisanayo.

iindlela ezichongiweyo ukusombulula impixano, kwelinye icala, unako iqhotyoshelwe iintlobo ezininzi impixano, oko kukuthi, abantu theoretical component. Kwelinye icala, ungquzulwano ijolise ekusombululeni iingxaki bokwenene-hlabathi ethile. Ngoko ke, abanye bathi ukuba Ingxabano - yinto isebe ulwazi isicelo. Kodwa ke, kuyabonakala ukuba, oku inkcazo nje oluncinane kuyo.

Enyanzelisa ukuba zombini ingxabano isiphumo

Le ndlela yimbi, njengoko ngethuba wesenzo atyeshelwa ngokupheleleyo iimfuno zamaqela. Olu hlobo yokusombulula ingxabano - nangona kunzima kakhulu ukuba igama le ndlela - ngokufuthi ezendeleyo kubomi bomtshato. Elinye iqabane usenokucinga ukuba unelungelo ukunyanzela abanye ukuba enze nasiphi na isenzo kwi zakho - umzekelo, behlamba iimpahla ngexesha kwakuthetha lokonwaba. Kakade ke, elinye iqabane angavuma ukwenza lo myalelo, kodwa ngaphakathi yena uya kuvakalelwa ukuthotywa evelisa kuphela uthotho neempendulo, nenkanuko ukuziphindezela.

indlela zonyanzelo nalo rhoqo zisetyenziswa phakathi abaphathi aliliso kubo. Ngelishwa, abaphathi abaninzi abaqapheli imida amagunya abo okanye iintshukumisa zabo ngokwenene musa ungqamane ixabiso elinemveliso iinkampani ezithile. Ngokungenasizathu engaqalanga wamanyelwa ngokuchasana iimfuno lomqeshwa, intloko abayi kufumana nto kodwa ingeniso umsebenzi rhoqo, umsebenzi kakubi babulawa okanye ngabom.

Ngaphezu koko, la magama alandelayo, esebenza ukunyanzela, ulwalamano phakathi komzali nomntwana. Kwaye apha, njengokuba kule mizekelo ezidlulileyo, nokubekwa rhoqo yokuthanda kwakhe umzali ngegqudu akayi ukufezekisa naziphi na iziphumo ezincumisayo. Uya kuzisa i umntu a lot of izakhiwo kwengqondo ngaphezu raspishetsya kwi ungafaneleki zabo njengomzali kunye umntu omdala onke. Okanye - ngexesha kufuphi okanye ukude kakhulu - uya ayamkele into yokuba lo mntwana iqala ukuba kwakukho isidubedube.

Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe ulwazi, ukuqonda ithiyori kunye nokusetyenziswa ngendlela ebonakalayo ingcaciso efunyenweyo. Ngoko ke, ukuba asebenzise iindlela zokusombulula ingxabano, conflictology eyenzelwe, kuyo nayiphi na indawo ethile - ukusuka yobudlelwane bezizwe, ephelisa usapho.

Izenzo ingxabano

Xa impixano kweentlobo ezimbini yezenzo. Baya kuma ngenxa ulwalamano lwabo ekuzuzweni kweenjongo nganye ngamaqela. Ezi amanyathelo ezisisiseko kunye nenkxaso. Main ezijoliswe ngqo kwi ekufumaneni iziphumo ezinqwenelekayo. Ukuxhasa izenzo - ezo ukongeza uhlobo lokuqala, umzekelo, ukuphazamiseka lotshaba, umtsalane emanyene.

Zonke izenzo ukuba banqande okanye ugonyamelo, zibizwa ngokuba ungquzulwano.

Ngoko ke, kufuneka uphendule umbuzo: Ingxabano - yinto isebe kolwazi indalo? Ingaba senkolelo ngokupheleleyo, okanye noba ukwenza kuphela mfazwe zabucala?

Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe kolwazi lophando ithiyori okanye isicelo?

Kulula kakhulu ukufumana isisombululo kwezinye iinkalo. Zezibalo ukufunda amanani abstract. Injongo yokufunda of physics okanye chemistry nawo nesenzeko bokwenene-ihlabathi. Kodwa xa kufikwa zokusombulula ingxabano, umphandi kunzima kakhulu ukuba nokuba ukuqinisekisa isimo yayo njengendlela sisazinzulu. Noko ke, ukususela ukuba lo inzululwazi ayikho ubuncinane (okanye mhlawumbi ngaphezulu) kubaluleke ngaphezu kwamanye amasebe ulwazi lwenzululwazi. Ngapha koko, ngubani owaziyo ukuba uluntu luya kukwazi ukuthatha ithuba inkqubela yenzululwazi kunye nobugcisa ngayo ingqiqo, isicelo kwakhona ulwazi kwi indlela yokuphepha ingxabano?

Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe (yendalo - izicelo okanye yeengcingane, kulandela evela ngakwicala yophando yakhe), apho imvelaphi yayo bulumko kwengqondo. Yena ivuyela izixhobo methodological Sciences Information. Ungquzulwano - yinto isebe kolwazi ngesimilo ithiyori kwaye isicelo. Ijoliswe ekusombululeni iingxaki ezithile, isisombululo kwiingxaki zezentlalo kunye nemiba ebonakalayo enxulumene kwezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, nomthetho.