Iipropati lwemichiza alkoholi

ahlobene hydrocarbon omnye okanye ngaphezulu athom hydrogen imolekyuli, endaweni kwi qela -OH (iqela hydroxyl okanye iqela hydroxy), - it alkoholi. Iipropati imichiza ogqitywe ezizizembiwa ezinkulu kunye neqela hydroxyl. Alkoholi ifomu homologous series ummeli kuyo ngamnye awafani wempumelelo evela kwilungu eyandulela ukuba umahluko homology engqinelanayo = CH2. Zonke izinto yale iklasi angamelwa ifomula: R-OH. Kuba iikhompawundi monohydric umda ifomyula jikelele chemical yi CnH2n + 1OH. Ngokutsho amagama nokuhlelwa wamazwe ngamazwe lisekwa ngokudibanisa ol Ukuvalwa hydrocarbon (methanol, ethanol, propanol, njalo njalo).

Le iklasi zahlukahlukene kakhulu kwaye ezibanzi iikhompawundi chemical. Ngokuxhomekeke kwinani lamaqela -OH kwi molecule, yahlulelwe kwii mono-, khe kwaye trihydric njalo - compound polyhydric. iimpawu yemichiza ye-alkoholi kwakhona kuxhomekeka kwisiqulatho kwamaqela amaqela hydroxyl molecule nganye. Ezi izinto cala kwaye kwahlula zibe ion emanzini, ezifana asidi abanamandla okanye iziseko ezomeleleyo. Noko ke, kusenokubakho njenge asidi okwanamhlanje (kuncitshiswa kunye nokwanda kwenani utywala ubunzima lwalusanda yaye eyayizalwa chain ezizizembiwa) okanye ezisisiseko (ukunyuka nge ukwandisa ubunzima eziphilayo eyayizalwa molecule) Iipropati.

Iipropati zemichiza alkoholi ixhomekeka kuhlobo kunye nelungiselelo lwendawo athom uthi: iimolekyuli nge chain isomerism kunye isomers sikhundla. Kuxhomekeka nani liphezulu imixokelelwane olunye atom carbon (iqela hydroxy bebotshiwe) kunye nezinye athom carbon (kunye 1 st, 2 okanye 3) ukwahlula-alkoholi ephambili (oqhelekileyo), lesibini okanye lesithathu. alkoholi Primary abe hydroxyl iqela edityaniswe i-atom carbon ephambili. E lesibini nelesithathu - ukuya lesibini nelesithathu, ngokulandelelana kwazo. Ekubeni propanol kuvela isomers nezahlukileyo yendawo qela hydroxyl le: propyl utywala C3H7-OH, kunye CH3- isopropyl utywala (CHOH) -CH3.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba sibala nje ezimbalwa abasabela eliyintloko abonakalisa iimpawu eekhemikhali alkoholi:

1. Xa Ngokusebenza kunye nesinyithi kwealkali okanye hydroxides (deprotonation reaction) alcoholates benziwa (hydrogen atom ithathwa-atom yesinyithi), ngokuxhomekeke ezizizembiwa olukhulu ezifunyenwe methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide njalo njalo, umzekelo, sodium propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Xa zihlanganise hydrohalic acid hydrocarbon halogenated wabumba kanzulu: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. Le ndlela ingathityazwa. Isiphumo ukufaka nucleophilic ye kwaku- halogen, iqela hydroxyl.
3. Alkoholi kungenziwa oxidized ukuba carbon dioxide, ukuba aldehydes okanye ketones ukuba. Alkoholi zivutha phambi ioksijini: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Phantsi impembelelo arhente olomeleleyo oxidizing (chromic acid, potassium permanganate , njl) alkoholi zaseprayimari ziguqulwa zibe aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, kwaye secondary - to ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (Cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. Emzimbeni asabela wabe phezu zokufudumeza phambi arhente dehydrating (nezinki chloride, sulphuric acid, njalo njalo). Oku kuvelisa alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. Le esterification asabela kwakhona ophuma phezu zokufudumeza phambi iikhompawundi dehydrating, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo basabela yangaphambili kubushushu aphantsi ukwenza glycol: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Nge-sulphuric acid, basabela kwenzeka ngokwamanqanaba amabini. Okokuqala, sulphuric acid Ester ezikhandelwa: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, kulandele ukufudumeza ku 140 ° C kunye agqithisile utywala ibunjiwe, diethyl (ukubizwa ngokuba nesalfure) kaEtere: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

Iimpawu lwemichiza polyols, ngokuthi umzekeliso iipropati emzimbeni ixhomekeka kuhlobo ezizizembiwa ngokugqibeleleyo, kusekwe zinemoletyhule, yaye ke, inani lamaqela hydroxyl kuyo. Umzekelo, ethylene ethers CH3OH-CH3OH (abilayo 197 ° C), nto leyo 2 utywala atom yi ulwelo ezingenambala (a incasa elithozamisayo), nto leyo kugalelwe H2O, kunye alkoholi ephantsi zonke olinganise. Ethylene ethers njengoko homologues eziphezulu kwayo kuza zonke abasabela uphawu alkoholi monohydric. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (abilayo 290 ° C) na ummeli elula-3-alkoholi atomic. Kuyinto ulwelo zamafu elithozamisayo-okungcamlela, nto leyo inzima kunezo ngamanzi, kodwa kugalelwe kuyo nayiphi ratio. Enyibilikayo utywala. Kuba glycerin kunye homologues zayo nabo luphawulwa yonke indlela alkoholi monohydric.

Iipropati Chemical alkoholi zichaza imiyalelo zezicelo zabo. Zisetyenziswa fuel (ethanol okanye butanol, njalo njalo), njengoko izinyibilikisi ezahlukeneyo mveliso; njenge ekrwada ukuze imveliso surfactants kunye iisepha eziphathekayo; ngokuba Yindibanisela izinto polymeric. Ezinye bale iklasi ka-oganikhi khompawundi esisetyenziswa ngokubanzi njengoko zokuthambisa okanye ulwelo hydraulic; kananjalo nangenxa ukwenziwa imithi kunye nezinto eziphilayo esebenzayo.