Kutheni sifuna izityalo zezityalo zezityalo

Ukuqhubela phambili kwezityalo kumhlaba kwahamba kunye nenani le-aromorphoses (iinguqu zokuguquguquka kwemvelo), enye yazo yayikuvela kwamalungu ahlukeneyo-ukudubula kunye neengcambu. Le yimizimba yezityalo yezityalo ezithatha inxaxheba kuzo zonke iinkqubo ezibalulekileyo zomsebenzi obalulekileyo wendalo, ngaphandle kokuveliswa ngokwesini (izitho ezivelisayo zijongene nayo). Imisebenzi yabo eyona nto yondlo kunye ne-metabolism kunye nehlabathi langaphandle. Ubomi besityalo ngokuxhomekeke kwimihlaba emibini-i-atmospheric kunye ne-lithosphere - idibaniswe nemfuno yokuqonda umhlaba kunye nomoya. Amalungu akhethekileyo asebenzisana naloo majelo.

Izityalo zityalo eziphezulu zihlukaniswe zibe ngaphantsi komhlaba (iingcambu) kunye nangaphezulu-komhlaba (amahlumela). Ngoncedo lweengcambu, izityalo zitshintshwe emhlabeni, zithatha umswakama kunye nezondlo , zigcinwe zize zithumele ekuqhubeni, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zivelisa ukusabalala kwezityalo. Izilwanyana ezisisigxina (i-artichoke i-Jerusalem, i-dahlia), izityalo eziqingqiweyo (i-beet, i-carrots), iingcambu zengcambu (pandanus, banyan), iingcambu zomoya (orchid), iingcambu zokuphefumula (taxodium) Ekuqaleni, ezi zityalo zenzelwe ukulungiswa kwemfuyo, kodwa kwezinye iimeko zenza imisebenzi engavumelekanga. Iingcambu zomoya zenye i-orchids zigcina umswakama omoya, ngelixa i-taxodium yenza umsebenzi wokuphefumula. Uninzi lwe-epiphytes luhlala emoyeni, ngenxa yobukho be-chlorophyll banemibala eluhlaza kwaye bathatha inxaxheba kwi-photosynthesis.

Umsebenzi oyintloko wokusinda i-carbon kondomu. Ngokungafani neengcambu, lilungu eliyinkimbinkimbi elinamaqela ahlukeneyo ahlukeneyo - isityalo, amaqabunga kunye neentso. Ngaloo nto, ukuphunyuka ngamanye amaxesha kuthathwa njengenkqubo ekhethekileyo, equka indawo ehlukeneyo kodwa edibeneyo. Kweminye imithombo umntu unokukwazi ukudibana nesitatimende sokuthi isitshi, amaqabunga kunye neentso nazo zinezityalo zityalo. Amahlumela ayimifuno (ehlanganiswe ngamagqabi) kunye nokuvelisa (ukuzala amaqabunga, iintyatyambo neziqhamo).

Isiseko sokudubula sisisigxina, esidibanisa iingcambu kunye nesicatshulwa seqabunga, sisekela izitho ezivelisayo kwaye sithwala amanzi kunye nezondlo zichithwe kuwo. Ngamanye amaxesha i-stem ithatha inxaxheba ekuveliseni izityalo, kunye nasebudaleni obudala-kunye nase-photosynthesis. Iqabunga lenza imisebenzi ye-photosynthesis, ukuphelelwa umoya, ukutshintshwa kwegesi, ukugcinwa kwezinto kunye nokusabalalisa izityalo. Intso yinto yokudubula.

Kwinqanaba le- ongeny (ukuphuhliswa komntu ngamnye), izityalo zityalo zezityalo zinokuguqulwa okukhulu kwisakhiwo (metamorphosis). Oku kungakho ngenxa yeempawu ezithile zesimo sezulu, ukuze uphile apho ezinye izityalo zitshintsha imisebenzi yazo yangaphambili. Ngokomzekelo, kwiindawo zokuhlala ezinomileyo, amaqabunga ezininzi zeentlobo zijika zibe yimiphunga okanye izikali zokunciphisa ummandla ophumayo. Kwi-succulents stem (i-African milkweed, i-cacti), isiqhamo esinamafutha sisilondolozo samanzi kunye ne-photosynthesizing apho iifutshane ezinamahluma enameva zikhula kwiimpazamo zamagqabi angavelwanga. Izityalo ezinobungozi (i-rosolist, i-capricorn, sundew) zinamaqabunga aguqulwa abe yiimigibe zangempela, ezithatha inambuzane. Kwezinye iilana (passionflower, amagilebhisi), amahlumela angentla apha aguqulwa ngamalungu enyukayo (i-antennae) - oku kuyimimorphosis.

Izityalo zezityalo zithatha inxaxheba ekuveliseni i-asexual, eququzelelwe ekubunjweni komzimba omncinci kunoma nayiphi inxalenye yomzali. Le ndlela yokuvelisa ixhaphakile kwintlango kwaye isebenzise ngokutsha ukukhula kwezityalo. Ngelo xesha, izitho ezizodwa (i-rhizomes, ama-bulbs, tubers, stolons) zisetyenziselwa kwaye zingabonakaliyo (iziqu, amaqabunga).

Kwizityalo ezincinci, izityalo zityalo ziphela zomzimba wazo, umzekelo, i- mycelium yefungus.