Omzimba okuzala. Yintoni na iqumrhu okuvelisa kwisityalo?

isityalo nganye inayo isakhiwo wayo umzimba ethile, ezingqinelana ngokupheleleyo kunye nemisebenzi eziyenzayo. Ngenxa yoko, iphepha ibonelela yefotosinthesis ingcambu - isondlo lomhlaba. umzimba okuzala ke intyantyambo, isiqhamo oluthi luqokelelane nangembewu. Kweli nqaku siza kujonga iimpawu zomzimba yabo indima kubomi kwezityalo.

Yintoni na umzimba

Authority ingabizwa kuphela iyunithi noshowo kwesityalo, oluthi luqokelelane ziintlobo ezininzi izicwili. Umzekelo, i ingcambu iquka iinguqulelo conductive, bomatshini, zemfundo nokwaleka. Kodwa rhizoids ulwelwe amalungu ngokufihlakeleyo bafana kuphela imbonakalo. Enyanisweni, baya kuba kukho ezininzi iiseli ezifakelwe anatomically kuphela. Ngoko ke, umzimba isakhiwo olo aziyi kuqwalaselwa.

Cinga isakhiwo angiosperms ngaphezulu. amalungu zabo komhlaba, njengokuba kuye bathi, Nguye lo ingcambu. On kumphezulu ibekwe yokusinda. Le nto ndiyibhalayo iindawo yezihlunu - esiqwini, yaye ecaleni - le sheet. Kwinkqubo lokukhula, intyantyambo ukubaleka ibunjiwe, ukusuka apho olungekazalwa.

Iintlobo izitho zezityalo

amalungu zezityalo zihlelwa ngokwemimiselo ezahlukeneyo. Xa umsebenzi ukwahlula kwezityalo kunye okuzala. Iqela lokuqala luquka nengcambu uhlume. Okokuqala basityathe andise kwezityalo, apho kunokwenzeka ngenxa kubulawe inxalenye kumzimba yonke multicellular. Oko kwenziwe ngaphandle ingcambu iilekese, amatswele, izithole, amagqabi, neebhalbhu. amalungu kwezityalo kwaye enze neminye imisebenzi kwisityalo. It photosynthesis, ukutya umhlaba, ukukhula, amanzi ubambe kunye nezithako.

ilungu okuzala kwisityalo kuyimfuneko ukuzala. Olu hlobo lokwanda ngohlobo lwazo inzuzo ebalulekileyo. Kuphela ngethuba ukuzala kwenzeka recombination lwempahla yemfuza, ngenxa, apho imisebenzi emitsha kakhulu luncedo. Ngenxa yoko, kumzimba isityalo uyakwazi ukuziqhelanisa neemeko ezintsha yobukho.

Yintoni na iqumrhu okuvelisa kwisityalo

Xa inkqubo yokuzala sesincwaso gametes inxaxheba. Ezi seli ezizodwa ibekwe kwizigqeba ezibizwa okuzala. I isityalo intyatyambo. iziqhamo ezimise nge imbewu zivuthwe kwikhosi yophuhliso lwayo. Oku amalungu okuzala asingabo bonke izityalo bayakwazi ukuzala ngokwesondo. Umzekelo, ulele kwiseli enye phantsi kweemeko ezinzima ekwaziyo yokutshata gametes. Bona bangena emanzini kunye udityaniso pairwise ngaphandle. Ngenxa yoko a elilodwa. Kubhaliwe igqunywe iqokobhe elingqingqwa, kwaye kule meko unesifo ukuqanda omisa. Xa iimeko kwakhona zivuma kwenzeka, iziqulatho elilodwa iyahlula ukuvelisa imbewu ezine mobile.

Xa izityalo ibihlungu ngaphezulu iiseli ntsholongwane ikhule ibe amalungu ezizodwa ekuthiwa gametangia. Xa mossy ukuba zibekwe phezu izikhondo kwaye kufuneka ifom kwingxelo elimbhoxo. Kunye iifeni inkunzi kunye gametophytes nemazi ibunjwa kwisityalo enye - prothallia. Amaqanda kunye amadlozi ayivuthwa ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo, ngoko ke inkqubo ye nokuvela lwenzeka phakathi kwezityalo ezahlukeneyo. Zonke izityalo ibihlungu kufuneka amanzi ukuchumisa. Olu phawu okuluphawu yale umanyano ocwangcisekileyo "le ilifa" ye lisiza.

Ubume wentyatyambo

iziko okuzala kwezityalo imbewu, nto leyo limelwe intyatyambo, ngaba ubume kakhulu ogqibeleleyo. iinxalenye yayo na kwisingqusho, leyo likwaneklinkhi iqanda kunye istameni equlethe sperm. Ngexesha elizayo umbungu labo ekudibaneni akha umzimba.

Flower kuthiwa mfushane kwaye kuphela ekukhuleni ukubaleka mutated. Ngaphandle kokuba stamens kunye pistil, nto ibandakanya peduncle kunye perianth. Inxalenye yokuqala nokuqhubekeka esiqwini elongate. Kwindalo, rhoqo ezikhawulezayo kunye eludizeni flower ngokungangqalanga. Imizekelo izityalo ezinjalo umbona, ujongilanga, ngeplantain, clover. izakhiwo ezinjalo kuthiwa sessile.

Isakhiwo sibandakanya indebe perianth kuqulethe ezininzi carpels kunye phehla. zalo yokugqibela kwakhiwa, ezithi modified amagqabi. Xa izityalo ezininzi Corolla ezinkulu eliqaqambileyo. Roses, amahle, chrysanthemums, iinyibiba - zonke ezi ntyatyambo kudala baba uhombiso omangalisayo nayiphi na iholide ngenxa yale mfanelo. Ezi ntyatyambo izinambuzane. izityalo Wind-ezimvumvuzelwa babe bangabacimi zokuqhubela kunye nefomu amathupha.

Undoqo neqanda kabini

Inkqubo gamete fusion owandulelayo uvuvuzelo. Le nkqubo yokunikezela umungu ukusuka anther ukuya stamens ibala. It lwenziwa ngoncedo umoya, izinambuzane, amanzi okanye abantu. Ngexesha kokukhulelwa, isidoda lokuthabatha inxaxheba ezimbini. Beshiya usebenzisa lwegciwane ityhubhu e maqanda pistil, omnye zidibana kunye iqanda, yaye omnye - kunye yintsholongwane engundoqo. Ngoko ke, le nkqubo kweentyatyambo izityalo wabiza kabini.

Iintlobo zeziqhamo

Ngenxa ngokudibana gametes benziwa kancincane amalungu okuzala - iziqhamo. Siqulathe imbewu ejikelezwe yi iqokobhe. Zibizwa ngokuba pericarp. Kunokuba omile kwaye iindaba zimnandi. Imizekelo iqela lokuqala apile, iziqhamo ilitye, berry kunye melon. Kodwa bean pod, isingxobo, achene, caryopsis namandongomane - loma iziqhamo.

Imbewu nokubaluleka kwayo eziphilayo

Xa amalungu okuzala izityalo eneentyatyambo ziquka imbewu. Esi sakhiwo yokuqala liyavela Conifers. Kweli nqanaba, izityalo imbewu babe ngabantu abakwizihlalo ezibalaseleyo kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu. Eyona nto kukuba xa kuthelekiswa imbewu, kuba iimpawu thuthu eso sakhiwo. Iyona ukufumaneka kwezondlo spare kunye namaqokobhe yembewu ngokuthembekileyo ukukhusela umbungu evela utshintsho ukufuma ubushushu, pericarp ezikhuselekileyo.

Ngenxa yoko, amalungu okuzala of angiosperms ke intyantyambo, ngenxa apho iziqhamo kunye nembewu kwakheka. Ezi zithinteli zinika inkqubo ngokwesondo yokuzala yezityalo kunye ukuvela imisebenzi emitsha obuphambili ubume eziphilayo.