Anna Akhmatova: ubomi kunye nomsebenzi. Akhmatova: imixholo engundoqo bobuchule

Anna Akhmatova, ubomi nomsebenzi siza ndinibonise - ligama pen esayine imibongo yakhe AA Gorenko. Le mbongi wazalwa ngo-1889, 11 (23) kaJuni, kufuphi Odessa. kungekudala intsapho yakowabo yafudukela Tsarskoye Selo, apho iminyaka ukuya ku-16 baphila Akhmatova. Creation (ngokufutshane) yale mbongi ziya kuqhutywa emva biography. Okokuqala simazi ubomi uAnny Gorenko.

iminyaka Early

minyaka abazange kamnandi ngenxa uAnny Andreevny. Abazali bakhe umtshato ngo-1905. Unina wasiwa iintombi Yevpatoria enesifo sephepha. Apha okwesihlandlo sokuqala ujongene ubomi angaphandle kwakunye dirtiest izixeko 'intombazana zasendle ". Kwakhona waba umdlalo uthando, wazama ukuzibulala.

Imfundo e Kiev kunye zemidlalo Tsarskoselskaya

ulutsha Early ukuba imbongi yawongwa izifundo e Kiev kunye Tsarskoselskaya zemidlalo. Udidi lokugqibela iqhutyelwa Kiev. Emva koko, imbongi elizayo wafunda umthetho e Kiev, kunye philology e-St Petersburg, kwi-University for Women. E Kiev, wafunda Latin, elathi kamva ukufunda ulwimi Italian ngokukhululekileyo, ukufunda wabe kwindawo yokuqala. Kodwa Akhmatova kwizifundo zomthetho baphulukana kungekudala inzala, ngoko waya eSt Petersburg yaye waqhubeka uqeqesho kwizifundo zembali noncwadi.

imibongo First kunye nokupapasha

Iivesi yokuqala kusekho ifuthe wayo Derzhavin, eyabhalwa yesikolo oselula Gorenko xa wayeneminyaka eli-11 ubudala. Ngowe-1907 kwabonakala kopapasho lokuqala.

Ngowe-1910, ukususela ekuqaleni kwabo, Akhmatova rhoqo uqala ukuba ipapashwe kwiijenali eMoscow St Petersburg. Xa wadala "Shop Iimbongi" (1911), umbutho loncwadi, yena wenza oko nemisebenzi kuNobhala.

Umtshato, uhambo eYurophu

Akhmatova kwixesha ukususela 1910 ukuya 1918 wayetshate NS Gumilyov, eyaziwa imbongi Russian. Naye ahlangana ngelixa befunda esikolweni Tsarskoye Selo. Emva koko Akhmatova wenza uhambo eParis kwiminyaka 1910-1912, apho waba zizihlobo Amedeo Modigliani, i igcisa Italian owadala umfanekiso wakhe. Kwakhona, ngelo xesha, watyelela Italy.

Imbonakalo Akhmatova

UNikolay Gumilev yaqalisa umfazi wakhe kokusingqongileyo boncwadi nezobugcisa, apho igama afumene ukubaluleka kwayo kwangoko. ngendlela echaza Hayi kuphela uAnny Andreevny kakhulu, kodwa inkangeleko yayo. Akhmatova wambetha ababephila lobungangamsha, leyo. Wanika imiqondiso njengokumkanikazi. umbono Ngaphandle wembongi eziphefumlelweyo Modigliani nje kuphela, kodwa abaculi ezifana K. Petrov-Vodkin, A. Altman, Z. Serebryakov, A. Tyshler, N. Tyrsa A. Danko (ngezantsi osondeza umsebenzi Petrov-Vodkin) .

Ingqokelela yokuqala yemibongo, kunye kwazalwa unyana

Ngowe-1912, i yimbalasane wembongi, kwenzeka ebomini bakhe, iziganeko ezibini ezibalulekileyo. Kupapashwa Inxalenye yokuqala yemibongo uAnny Andreevny ebizwa ngokuba "Hosi", nto leyo zimakishwe umsebenzi wakhe. Akhmatova yazala unyana, le mbali elizayo, Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich - isiganeko esibalulekileyo ebomini bakhe.

Okuqukiweyo yokuqokelelwa yokuqala yemibongo yi imifanekiso yeplastiki esetyenzisiweyo kubo ngokucacileyo nokwakheka. Bawasebenzisa abahlalutyi Russian bathi kwisihobe, italente entsha. Nangona "abafundisi" abaziinkosi ezifana Akhmatova Symbolist njenge Blok and I. F. Annensky, imibongo yakhe baqonda kwasekuqaleni nje Acmeist. Enyanisweni, kunye O. E. Mandelshtamom kunye N. S. Gumilevym imbongi ekuqaleni 1910, ubeneentlondi undoqo le bafika ngexesha of a trend elitsha kwimibongo.

Ezi iingqokelela emibini, isigqibo ukuhlala eRussia

Ndisalusa lokuqala kunye incwadi yesibini ubizwa "seRosari" (1914), kunye neminyaka emithathu kamva, ngoSeptemba 1917, yaba nengqokelela "White Mhlambi", nowesithathu umsebenzi wakhe. I-Oktobha Revolution iye akanyanzelwa imbongi ukuba thutha, nangona ngeli xesha, waqalisa yokushiywa abaninzi. Russia wamshiya omnye emva kokuba abanye abantu abasondeleyo Akhmatova: A. Lurie, Antrep B. kunye O. Glebova-Studeykina, umhlobo wakhe kolutsha. Noko ke, imbongi yagqiba ekubeni sihlale kwi "enesono" yaye "abangevayo" Russia. A ingqondo uxanduva kwilizwe lakhe, ubopha ezweni nolwimi Russian ezenze IIMVELISO Andreevnu Sukungena kwiincoko nayo wagqiba ukuhamba. Iminyaka emininzi, abo bashiya eRashiya, baqhubeka ukuzithethelela yokushiywa yakhe Akhmatova. Ngayo abase, ingakumbi, R. Hull, ukuba Anne Andreevne B. Franck kunye G. Adamovich sakujika.

lixesha elinzima uAnny Andreevny Ahmatovoy

Ngelo xesha, ubomi bakhe batshintsha emangalisayo, ebonisa indalo yayo. Akhmatova wayesebenza ithala Institute of Ulwazi ngomhlaba, kwi-1920 yokuqala wakwazi ukupapasha ingqokelela yemibongo ezimbini ngaphezulu. Ngabo aba "ngeplantain", wakhululwa ngowe-1921, yaye "Anno Domini" (in translation - "Xa unyaka weNkosi", yakhululwa ngowe-1922). Iminyaka eli-18 emva koko akazange kuvela ndaba esebenza ngayo. izizathu ezahlukeneyo akhona; kwelinye icala, le lokudubula NS Gumilyov, ex-umyeni, ngubani owatyholwa ukubandakanyeka iyelenqe nxamnye revolution; kwelinye - ukwaliwa bobuchule Imbongi amadlala eSoviet. Akhmatova kakhulu ngeli cwaka kwanyanzeliswa ukuba benza umsebenzi Aleksandra Sergeevicha Pushkina.

kubonwe Optina

Ukutshintshwa "Izwi" lakho "umbhalo" Akhmatova inxulunyaniswe ngeqosha ka 1920, kunye utyelelo ngo-1922, ngoMeyi, Optina nencoko kunye nencindi Elder. Mhlawumbi, le ngxoxo iphenjelelwa ngamandla yimbongi. Akhmatova waba nomini koomama kunye A. Motovilov yi Fikizolo yehlabathi Serafima Sarovskogo. Wathabatha phantsi kwizizukulwana ngentlawulelo ingcamango yombingelelo.

umshado wesibili

Okumiselwe Akhmatova ngokwaphulwa kwakhona ezinxulumene ubuntu V. Shileiko, owaba umyeni wakhe wesibini. Yaba ISAZINZULU-orientalist, lowo inxaxheba inkcubeko kula mazwe amandulo ezifana eBhabheli, iAsiriya, Egypt. ubomi Personal nale uyaxakwa ubomi yaye abantu becinezelwa umntu zange ukusebenza, kodwa impembelelo yayo athethwa imbongi ukwanda umsebenzi wakhe reserved amanqaku bulumko.

Ubomi Nemisebenzi ngo-1940

Eqokelelwe phantsi kwesihloko "Kule ncwadi ezintandathu" Kuya kuvela ngo-1940. Wabuyela ixesha elifutshane kuncwadi mihla le ixesha imbongi, Anna Akhmatova. Ubomi kunye nomsebenzi wakhe ngeli xesha kakhulu kakhulu. Akhmatova afumaneka iLeningrad The Great Patriotic War. Waye asuswa apho Tashkent. Noko ke, ngo-1944 imbongi wabuyela eLeningrad. Ngowe-1946, phantsi xa ugxekwa kabukhali, yena wagxothwa Union Writers '.

Buyela iincwadi Russian

Emva kwesi siganeko elishumi ezayo ngemisebenzi imbongi kuqatshelwe kuphela ngeli xesha benza translation boncwadi Anna Akhmatova. Nobuchule kulawulo yayo eSoviet wayengenamdla. L. N. Gumilev, unyana wakhe, ikhonza ngexesha isohlwayo kwiinkampu abasebenzi-mthetho yezopolitiko. Buyela iincwadi Russian, imibongo Akhmatova kwenzeka kuphela kwisiqingatha sesibini-1950. Ukususela ngo 1958 iingqokelela lwamazwi imbongi kwakhona ekuqaleni ukuba ashicilelwe. Kwagqitywa ngo-1962, "Umbongo Ngaphandle Hero," sele zaveliswa iminyaka 22. Anna Akhmatova wafa ngo-1966, ngomhla we-5 Matshi. Imbongi wangcwatyelwa kufuphi St. Petersburg, ku Komarovo. kube Grave ithiwe thaca apha ngasezantsi.

Acmeism ngemisebenzi Akhmatova

Akhmatova, umsebenzi wakhe ngoku yenye iincopho kwimibongo wesizwe, ukuba incwadi yakhe yokuqala yemibongo babephuma kamva nto intle, umgca enye kuphela ngokukhetha it: ". ... ukunxila isandi ngelizwi ezifana nezakho" UMikhail Kuzmin, Noko ke, Kwintshayelelo yakhe kule ngqokelela yaphela ngala mazwi oza kuthi abatsha imbongi, ezintsha, ukuba zonke iinkcukacha ukwenzela ukuba babe real. Ubukhulu becala bazimisela poetics of "ntambama" inkqubo theoretical acmeism - intsingiselo entsha kule ncwadi, nto leyo edla ziquka poetess Anna Akhmatova. It ibonisa bokuyila ezininzi iimpawu uphawu le meko.

Photo enikwe ngezantsi kwenziwa ngo-1925.

Acmeism Kwavela njengendlela yokusabela ukuba ukuzinkcinkca lohlobo Symbolist. Hi xikombiso, xihloko lexi V. M. Zhirmunskogo eyaziwa umgxeki loncwadi, malunga nomsebenzi abameli oku kuthiwa ngolu hlobo lulandelayo: ". Ukwaphula umfanekiso" Dalyam "imihlaba purple" eyimfihlakalo yaye, ngokungafaniyo ubomi kweli hlabathi, "apha kwaye ngoku". ukuziphatha kunye neentlobo ngeentlobo ubuKristu ziye indawo entsha 'amaxabiso rock ayigungqi. "

Umxholo uthando umsebenzi imbongi

Akhmatova weza uncwadi kwenkulungwane yama-20, kwikota yokuqala, kunye nomxholo zemveli ngenxa World amazwi womculo - umxholo lothando. Noko ke, isisombululo yalo imisebenzi Imbongi ngokwesiseko entsha. isihobe Akhmatova ukuba kude imibongo theka obhinqileyo, enikezelwa amagama afana Carolina Pavlova, Yulia Yulia Zhadovskaya, esaziwa Lokhvitskaya ngenkulungwane ye-19. They are kwakhona ukusuka "bumnandi", abstract lyricism uphawu uthando kwisihobe the Symbolists. Ngale ndlela, kuba wathembela kakhulu lyrics Russian kunye iprozi kwenkulungwane ye-19, Akhmatova. Ubuchule ukuba groundbreaking. O. E. Mandelshtam, umzekelo, wabhala ukuba amazwi bazisa ukuntsonkotha kwinoveli Russian kwenkulungwane ye-19, Akhmatova. Isincoko imisebenzi ingaba ukuqala nale ithisisi.

Xa "ngokuhlwa" kwaziswa emikhakheni ezahlukeneyo iimvakalelo yokubonisana, kodwa Heroine ibisoloko olsifakileo, wangcatshwa, ukubandezeleka. Chukovsky wabhala ngayo, ukuba umntu wokuqala ukuya kufumanisa ukuba kokuba bengamthandi - a kwimibongo, oko Akhmatova (isincoko imisebenzi nto, "Akhmatova kunye Mayakovsky", wadala ngumbhali omnye, libe negalelo kakhulu intshutshiso yayo xa iivesi wembongi hayi ishicilelwe). Uthando engamthandi wabona umthombo bobuchule kunokuba esiqalekiso. iinxalenye ezintathu ingqokelela ibizwa, ngokulandelelana, "Uthando," "Inkohliso" yaye "Muse". ubufazi ulula nangobuciko ezidityanisiweyo amazwi Akhmatova amukeleke yokukhalipha ukubandezeleka. Of imibongo 46 ifakiwe kule ngqokelela, phantse isiqingatha enikelwe Wahlula nokufa. Oku akukho ngozi. Kweli thuba ukususela 1910 ukuya 1912 imbongi ababeyazi kratkodnevnosti ingqiqo, waba sokuba ukufa. Ngo-1912, ababini oodade wabulawa sisifo sephepha, ngoko Anna Gorenko (Akhmatova, sicinga ubomi kunye nomsebenzi wakhe) wayekholelwa ukuba bebonke isiphelo sinye kwehlela naye. Noko ke, oko akabotshelelwe, xa nshita Symbolists, ngokwahlukana nokufa kunye nokuphelelwa ithemba, yokukhathazeka. Le meko yabangela ukuba amava zehlabathi ngobuhle.

Kuchaziwe kule ncwadi "Night" yaye ekugqibeleni kuqala ethathe imilo kwi "OMHLE", emva koko "pack White" iimpawu ezikhethekileyo indlela wembongi.

Izisusa yesazela memory

Wayekhona ngempela lyricism athandana ngokunzulu uAnny Andreevny. Sele i "kucacile" kunye "ngokuhlwa 'ngomxholo uthando, kukho ezinye ezimbini intshukumisa ephambili - isazela kunye memory.

"Mathuba sibi", nto leyo yabalasela imbali yasekhaya (eyaqala ngo-1914, i-World First War), bangqamana nexesha nzima kubomi wembongi. It wavula ngo 1915, isifo sephepha, intsapho yakhe isifo amafa.

"Pushkinizm" Akhmatova

Eminye kwandisa iintshukumisa yesazela memory kwi "umhlambi White", emva koko esebenza na aba. indlela echaza imbongi kwiminyaka 1915-1917 ivela njenge. Iya isanda bagxeka wakhankanya uhlobo 'pushkinizm "Akhmatova. umongo wayo ukuphelela obugcisa, ukuchaneka ofuna ukuyithetha. Kuyaqapheleka ubukho "citationality maleko" abaninzi kubizwa avela zombini bomhla kunye ngamalungu nge: O. E. Mandelshtamom, B. L. Pasternakom, AA Blok. Zonke ubutyebi yokomoya inkcubeko yelizwe lethu ebe singasemva Akhmatova, kwaye ngokufanelekileyo waziva yindlalifa yakhe.

ezweni zesiFundo imisebenzi Akhmatova kaThixo, enxulumene Revolution

Ayikwazanga kodwa kuchaphazela umsebenzi iziganeko ezimangalisayo xa lilonke wembongi. Akhmatova, emsebenzini kwixesha elinzima kwilizwe lethu ubomi, wamkela Revolution of 1917 unyaka sihelegu. Ilizwe ubudala, ngokokubona kwakhe, kungekho ngaphezulu. ezweni zesiFundo imisebenzi Akhmatova amelwe, umzekelo, kwincwadi ethi "Anno Domini". Eli candelo ivula kwafika oku ngo-1922, ingqokelela ubizwa ngokuba "Emva All". umgca epigraph wasiwa yonke le ncwadi "zezo minyaka ezisemagqabini ..." F. I. Tyutcheva. Homeland ayisekho ukuba imbongi ...

Kodwa Akhmatova mbuso - kukwayinto entle payback ubomi edlulileyo besono, yempindezelo. Makhe Heroine ombambazelayo kwaye akudali ngokwayo ububi, yena uvakalelwa ukuba ukubandakanyeka lityala jikelele, ngoko Akhmatova ukulungele ukwabelana isabelo nzima abantu babo. Lakubo ngo imisebenzi imbopheleleko Akhmatova ukuba wozikhulula ngokwakhe ngentlawulelo.

Nkqu itayitile yencwadi bubonakala "Ngonyaka weNkosi", ithi imbongi ubona njengoko ukuthanda kukaThixo yobudala bakhe. Ukusetyenziswa ezifanayo yezembali kunye mibala yebhayibhile iba yenye yeendlela ukuqonda wetu kwenzeka eRashiya. Koko bayicutha Asebenzisa Akhmatova (umzekelo, umbongo "Cleopatra," "wabe", "iivesi zeBhayibhile").

Amazwi le mbongi enkulu, "Mna" ngeli xesha uba "thina". Akhmatova uthetha egameni "abaninzi." Yonke iyure, hayi kuphela wembongi, kodwa ababephila yayo, bekuya kugwetyelwa ngelizwi wembongi.

Ezi imixholo eziphambili ubuchule Akhmatova, njengoko obungunaphakade, yaye ekuso elona xesha yobomi wembongi. Idla kuthelekiswa kwenye - kunye Marina Tsvetaeva. Zombini ezi namhlanje izimiso imibongo njengebhinqa. Noko ke, hayi nje kuphela ngayo zininzi izinto esifana ngazo, kodwa eyahlukileyo ezininzi iinkalo ubuchule Akhmatova kunye Tsvetaeva. Le ukubhala ngalo mbandela badla cela abafundi ukuba babhale. Enyanisweni, nto umdla ukucacisa kutheni cishe akunakwenzeka ukuba edidekile mbongo ubhalwe Akhmatova, kunye nemisebenzi adalwe Tsvetaeva. Kodwa esinye isihloko ...