Imifinya - yintoni na le nto? imifinya eziphilayo: isakhiwo kunye nokusebenza

Nature udale izinto ezininzi kunye neeseli, kodwa nangona kunjalo, uninzi isakhiwo kunye nemisebenzi inwebu zebhayoloji ayafana, evumela ukuba siqwalasele ubume babo bafunde iimpawu zazo eziphambili ngaphandle yofakelo ukuya uhlobo oluthile weseli.

Yintoni inwebu?

Imifinya - into yokhuselo, alicandelo elipheleleyo le iiseli zonke eziphilayo.

unit lokwakheka kwaye zisebenza kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni iseli. imisebenzi kubaluleke zinenjongo ezinxulumene bume, apho wayanana ukuyanana amandla kunye nolwazi, izinto. Ngenxa yoko, amandla okunesondlo eziyimfuneko ukuze isikolo sisebenze kakuhle iiseli, iphuma ngaphandle kwaye wachitha ekuphunyezweni kwemisebenzi yayo ezahlukahlukeneyo.

Ubume isakhiwo unit elula a esiphilayo: i inwebu yeseli isiqalo, organelles, iintlobo inclusions. It ingqongwe inwebu, nto leyo ibekwe ngaphakathi ngumongo kunye bonke organelles. It mitochondria, lysosomes, ribosomes, izixhobo Golgi, reticulum endoplasmic. element nganye inwebu yayo noshowo.

Indima imisebenzi yeseli

inwebu biological idlala indima okwakhokelela isakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi zezinto eziphilayo sabaqalayo. Xa iseli engqongwe esingxotyeni salo yokhuselo, oko nonelungelo kubizwa ngokuba umzimba. Loo inkqubo njengoko ukutya, kananjalo kwenziwe imibulelo ukuya ndizayo. Ukuba ingqibelelo noshowo bayo okunene baphuke, oku kukhokelela inguqu sokusebenza kumzimba xa uwonke.

Iseli inwebu kunye nemisebenzi yayo

Ukuluma ukuba kukho icytoplasm yeseli ukusuka kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle okanye iqokobhe. iseli inwebu iqinisekisa uphumezo efanelekileyo kwemisebenzi ethile, ingakumbi lwabafowunelwa cell-iseli kunye ibonwa omzimba lixhasa transmembrane sombane umahluko enokwenzeka. Oku kufuneka receptors ekwazi ukuqonda iimpawu kwemichiza - iihomoni, neurotransmitters kunye namanye amacandelo eziphilayo esebenzayo. Ezi ezenza alobola ngayo kunye nenye ubuchule - ukutshintsha umsebenzi pathways esiseleni.

umsebenzi ndizayo:

1. Ukuthuthwa esebenzayo kwezinto.

2. transfer UMSI kwezinto:

2.1. Nokuhanjiswa elula.

2.2. Dlulisa ngokusebenzisa pores.

2.3. Transport olwenziwe nokuhanjiswa ophethe kunye nezinto inwebu okanye ngokusebenzisa ukudluliselwa kwi-arhente relay arhente transfer chain eziphilayo.

3. I-transfer of non-electrolytes ngenxa kwe- elula lula.

4. izithuthi ngenkuthalo ion.

Ubume yeseli ndizayo

Amacandelo iseli inwebu - lipids kunye neeproteni.

Lipids: phospholipids, phosphatidylethanolamine, sphingomyelin, phosphatidylinositol kunye phosphatidylserine, glycolipids. Umlinganiselo lipid yi 40-90%.

Iiproteni: peripheral, ehlanganisiweyo (glycoproteins), spectrin, cytoskeleton actin.

The main isakhi - maleko kabini iimolekyuli phospholipid.

Zophahla inwebu: definition kunye typology

Ezinye izibalo. Ngomhla kummandla Russian Federation njenge izinto inwebu nophahla isetyenziswa hayi kudala. bekukubi ethile inwebu nophahla iyonke slab soft uphahla yi-1.5% kuphela. Kwanwenwezela eRashiya lafumana zokuxhoma zemastic bituminous. Kodwa Western Yurophu, isabelo uphahla inwebu akhawunti ye 87%. Umahluko kukuba uvalo.

Ngokuqhelekileyo, i inwebu njengoko izinto zaseprayimari eluphahleni uphahla ezilungele uphahla. Kuba ukuba kwithambeka enkulu ofunekayo isiXhosa.

Production kunye nokuthengiswa uphahla inwebu kurhwebo lwasemakhaya abe oku kukhula kakuhle. Kutheni? Izizathu ngaphezu icacile:

• Ubomi inkonzo engama-60. Khawuthelekelele ukusetyenziswa kuphela kwexesha sesiqinisekiso, Nokubekwa ngumvelisi, ukuya kwiminyaka engama-20.
• ukufakwa lula. Thelekisa, ukufakelwa asphalt nophahla ithatha 1.5 ngaphezu ukufakelwa ezifanayo ndizayo.
• UkuCima yesondlo kunye umsebenzi wokulungisa.

Zophahla inwebu ubukhulu inokuba 0.8-2 mm kunye ubunzima avareji ngesikwere semitha omnye 1.3 kg.

Properties walifulela ingaphandle:

• luthambe;
• amandla;
• ukuxhathisa eyingozi UV kunye mhlaseli namanye amajelo eendaba;
• umbethe;
• iyawulwa umlilo.

Uphahla inwebu kukuba kweentlobo ezintathu. The main Ukuhlelwa phawu - izinto Polymer ifomu okumisele eli laphu isiseko. Ngoko ke, iinwebu ezifulelwe zezi:

• EPDM. Imifinya ngoweqela ka EPDM, wayenza ngokwesiseko polymerized ethylene-propylene-diene-monomer, okanye ngaphezulu nje, yerabha zokwenziwa. Izinto eziluncedo: amandla phezulu, luthambe, ukumelana amanzi, ukhathalelo lwendalo, ixabiso eliphantsi. Ilishwa: enamathelayo webs ubuchwepheshe ambaxa ngokusebenzisa umbhinqo okhethekileyo, amandla aphantsi imichiza. Scope: isetyenziswa njenge zingangenwa Imathiriyeli imigangatho etoneleni, imithombo yamanzi, ukugcinwa kwenkunkuma, iindawo zokugcina amanzi yendalo neyenziweyo, etc ...
• PVC ndizayo. Le iqokobhe, imveliso apho njengokuba izinto isiseko iyasetyenziswa Polyvinyl chloride. Izinto eziluncedo: UV ukumelana, iyawulwa umlilo, olunzulu umbala uluhlu amalaphu ndizayo. Ilishwa: amaqondo aphantsi yokumelana kwimathiriyeli bituminous, oyile, izinyibilikisi; ikhala izinto eziyingozi; umbala omagqabi omayo kunye nexesha.
• TPO. Ezenziwe olefin thermoplastic. Oko kuqiniswe kwaye unreinforced. Hlomela kuqala nge enemingxuma lwe ipholiyesta okanye fiberglass ilaphu. Izinto eziluncedo: imvelo, ixesha elide, okubuyela kwimo ephezulu, ukumelana ubushushu (kwi omabini amaqondo aphezulu nezisezantsi), webs welds ezivuzayo. Ilishwa: udidi ixabiso eliphezulu, ukungabikho abenzi inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya.

Le inwebu le profiled: iimpawu, iimpawu kunye nezibonelelo

inwebu Waxonxa - yinto ezintsha kurhwebo lokwakha. Loo inwebu usetyenziswa zingangenwa.

Iziyobisi ezisetyenziswa kwimveliso - polyethylene. Ekugqibeleni ke iintlobo ezimbini: lwetshiphu emsebenzi-mninzi polyethylene (LDPE) kunye polyethylene ezixineneyo (iHDPE).

iimpawu zobugcisa inwebu ye LDPE kunye HDPE

Isalathisi	JHA	HDPE
uqine (MPA)	13	23
zobude eqine (%)	400	100
Density (kg / cu. M)	917-930	948-952
amandla Compressive (MPA)	12	20-36
amandla Impact (notched) (kJ / macala onke. M)	-	2-50
Flexural Modulus (MPA)	140-250	600-850
Ukuqina (MPA)	14-25	45-59
lobushushu zokusebenza (? C)	-60 ku +80	-60 ku +80
izinga imihla ukufakwa kwamanzi (%)	0,01	0,01

Kovalo esonka le polyethylene xi eziphakamileyo kwindawo ethile - namaqhakuva holoholo. Ukuphakama kwezi zakhiwo ingahluka mm-7 ukuya ku-20. Umphezulu engaphakathi inwebu uthe tyaba. Oku kwenza ukugoba ngxaki-free ngezinto zokwakha.

Ukutshintsha imilo izabelo ngamanye inwebu kunokwenzeka kuba uxinzelelo phezu kwindawo yayo yonke ngokulinganayo isasazwe ngenxa ubukho uqikelelo efanayo. Geomembrane ingasetyenziswa njengoko umoya yodwa. Kule meko banikwa exchange simahla ubushushu ngaphakathi kwisakhiwo.

Izinto eziluncedo ingaphandle profiled:

• ukwanda ngamandla;
• uzinzo emhlabeni;
• uzinzo iikhemikhali kunye neziphumo begazi;
• ubomi obude (50);
• Easy ukufaka nokugcina;
• ngexabiso elifikelelekayo.

imifinya ezibusazinge kweentlobo ezintathu:

• nge umaleko ube mnye belaphu;
• zidlula-ezimbini web = + semibhobho geotextile ndizayo;
• ngomaleko ezintathu-web kwindawo emtyibilizi = + + semibhobho geotextile ndizayo.

Monolayer inwebu emise iyasetyenziswa ukukhusela primary manzi, indibano kunye disassembly wokulungiselela ngeendonga zekonkrithi ngamanzi. A umaleko-ezimbini izixhobo ezisetyenziswa ngexesha kutsalwe kufuphi-eludongeni. Eliquka ngeengcamba ezintathu lisetyenziswa kwi emhlabeni, nto leyo efanele yiqabaka Inkitha, umhlaba kunye komhlaba, sise nzulu.

Iindawo lokusebenzisa ingaphandle yamanzi

inwebu profiled ifumana isicelo yayo kwezi nkalo zilandelayo:

1. Kwesakhiwo zingangenwa ephambili. Inika ukhuseleko oluthembekileyo nxamnye impembelelo etshabalalisayo aphantsi komhlaba, iinkqubo izityalo ingcambu, ukunqamka, umonakalo uhlobo ngoomatshini.
2. Wall yamanzi lesiseko. Neutralizes impembelelo komhlaba, imvula ngokuthi lithwele zona kwindlela izigulane.
3. Tye uhlobo lokulawula amanzi kwidama - wokukhuselwa deformation ngenxa iimpawu zezakhiwo.
4. Analog ukulungiselela eziphathekayo. Ibivele kwimeko ekwakheni imisebenzi kwi ukwakhiwa kwezakhiwo kummandla kwamanzi omhlaba ephantsi, kwiimeko apho kukho amanzi oxwesileyo ukukhusela nxamnye ukufuma capillary. umsebenzi inwebu Kwakhona profiled kuquka nontransmission isamente grout emhlabeni.
5. imiphezulu komoya nodonga ukufuma ophezulu. It ingafakwa zombini ngaphakathi nangaphandle yesakhiwo. Kwimeko yokuqala, umoya ukujikeleza luvuliwe, ngoxa yesibini ibonelela ukufuma ngokupheleleyo obushushu.
6. inversion ezifulelwe Used.

Superdiffuzionnaya ndizayo

izinto inwebu Superdiffuzionnaya Kukho isizukulwana esitsha, injongo yakhe ephambili - ukukhuselwa izinto lwesakhiwo eliseluphahleni nesenzeko umoya, imvula, umphunga.

Nokuveliswa kwezinto yokhuselo isekelwe phezu ukusetyenziswa izinto non-ephothiweyo, imicu ashinyeneyo kwizinga eliphezulu. Inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya popular umaleko-abathathu-umaleko ezine ndizayo. iingcali Izimvo kunye nabasebenzisi ukuqinisekisa ukuba zomaleko ngakumbi sisiseko koyilo, mkhulu umsebenzi zokukhusela, yaye ngaloo ndlela ke inyuka songa ndawo iyonke.

Ngokuxhomekeka kuhlobo wophahla, iimpawu zayo zoyilo, imozulu, abavelisi bacebisa ukuba zincede zikhethe omnye okanye olunye uhlobo lwe ingaphandle kwe-. Ngenxa yoko, ukuba zikhona uphahla bamisa of izakhiwo ezimbaxa kunye elula ukuba uphahla wayeyimisele uchwetheze kunye unxaxho ubuncinane, ukuya eluphahleni inshorensi enesaphulelo njalo njalo. D.

Superdiffuzionnaya inwebu wabeka ngqo kwi ubushushu umaleko iibhodi ukutyibilika. umsantsa umoya efunekayo apho. Izinto ke isibiyeli okanye zentsimbi iinzipho apha. Kungqameko kwe- sheets zabafundi abathelela iyanyuka tape. Fakelo msebenzi kufuneka wenziwe nokuba phantsi kweemeko ezinzima: kwi kusasa frosty, kunye zemimoya ngamandla omoya, etc ...

Ngaphezu koko, ukutyabeka isifundo zingasetyenziswa njenge nesigqubuthelo uphahla yethutyana.

PVC inwebu: ubunjani kunye nenjongo

TFC imifinya - kuphandla ngezinto, eyenziwe Polyvinyl chloride nokuba iipropati elastic. Le izinto nophahla mihla indawo ngokupheleleyo asphalt analogs mqengqeleki ukuba ethile ebalulekileyo - imfuneko ukulungiswa rhoqo nokulungiswa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, iimpawu PVC imifinya uvumele ukusetyenziswa kwazo ngexesha umsebenzi wokulungisa phezu kwezindlu amahasa uhlobo flat. Zisetyenziswa kunye ufakelo eluphahleni ezintsha.

Uphahla izinto ezinjalo Kulula ukusebenza, kwaye ufakelo yayo kunokwenzeka kuzo zonke iintlobo imiphezulu, kuwo onke amaxesha nakuzo zonke iimeko zemozulu. PVC inwebu na le mihlaba ilandelayo:

• amandla;
• uzinzo xa zibethwa imitha UV, iintlobo ezahlukeneyo imvula, kwaye umphezulu indawo iyalayisha.

Kuyinto ngenxa ngokweempawu ezizodwa PVC inwebu Ndokukhonza ngokuthembeka kangangeminyaka emininzi. ukusetyenziswa Term yophahla enjalo ulingana kubomi zokwakha, izinto roll nophahla zifuna ulondolozo lwarhoqo kunye, kwezinye iimeko kwaphela sikhangelene kunye ufakelo imigangatho ezintsha.

A inwebu phakathi webs PVC idityaniswe ukuwelda enesingqala eshushu, ubushushu na ku ezahlukene 400-600 degrees Celsius. Le uxhulumaniso lo moya ngokupheleleyo.

Izinto eziluncedo ze PVC ingaphandle

Isidima ezicacileyo zabo;

• inkqubo nophahla eguqukayo ngcono elivumelana wokwakha;
• ixesha elide, iimpawu leakproof ukuba umthungo yokungena phakathi amalaphu ndizayo;
• utshintsho Perfect nokuthwaleka kwemozulu, iimeko zemozulu, ubushushu, ukufuma;
• ukwanda permeability umphunga wamanzi lula komphunga ukufuma accumulated kwi isithuba eliseluphahleni;
• ezahlukeneyo ezininzi imibala;
• umlilo iipropati kwaphela;
• nekhono lokulondoloza ixesha elide iipropati lokuqala imbonakalo;
• PVC inwebu - izinto engeyongozi ngokupheleleyo, nto leyo kuqinisekiswa yi iziqinisekiso engqinelanayo;
• inkqubo yokufaka imishini, ngoko musa ukuthatha ixesha elininzi;
• imithetho yokuyisebenzisa ukuvumela ukufaka ezongeziweyo ezahlukeneyo bokwakha ngqo encotsheni inwebu PVC kophahla;
• single-Umaleko ingqokelela ukulondoloza imali yakho;
• lula yesondlo kunye nokulungiswa.

ndizayo lolwabo

Textile inwebu Ilaphu Kudala kwaziwa. Of ngezinto izihlangu kunye nempahla: abadala kunye nabantwana. Le inwebu - eli laphu inkxaso inwebu olunikiweyo ngendlela polymeric umboniso obhityileyo nokuba iimpawu ezifana ukunganyangeki amanzi kunye nomphunga permeability. Ukuze kuveliswe le nto umboniso isale kweemaleko nomphandle wocango zokhuselo. ahlelwe kugqiba ndizayo ngokwayo. Oku kwenziwa ukuze alondoloze zonke iipropati eyingenelo nkqu xa umonakalo. Ngamanye amazwi, i inwebu na impahla amanzi xa zidibene imvula ngohlobo imvula okanye ikhephu, kodwa kwangaxeshanye udlula ngokupheleleyo umphunga emzimbeni kokusingqongileyo lwangaphandle. Le bandwidth ivumela ulusu ukuphefumla.

Kokucinga ngasentla, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba lo laphu senziwe impahla efanayo zasebusika efanelekileyo. A inwebu, ibekwe laphu isiseko, kusenokubakho:

• kunye pores;
• ngaphandle pores;
• zidityanisiwe.

Njengenxalenye inwebu kokuba ezininzi micropores, inani Teflon. Imilinganiso zezi pores musa ukufikelela imilinganiselo nkqu nethontsi lamanzi, kodwa inkoliso molekyuli yamanzi, ebonisa ukuba uxhathiso amanzi kunye nesakhono ukuze ususe xhopho.

Lweenwebu kuye, njengoko umthetho, enziwe lyu. umaleko yabo yangaphakathi liziphose ukwahlulwa potozhirovye wonke umzimba womntu kwaye ekubashenxiseni ngaphandle.

Ubume inwebu ezidityanisiweyo ithatha ubukho lamanqanaba ezimbini: a amazwe kunye kakuhle. Ilaphu ezinjalo uneempawu ekumgangatho ophezulu kwaye kuya kuthatha iminyaka emininzi.

Ngenxa kula iingenelo iimpahla kunye nezihlangu ezenziwe amalaphu inwebu nesilungiselelwe ukuba banxibe ngexesha ebusika lonyaka, indawo, ukhuseleko obalaseleyo nxamnye iqabaka, ukufuma, nothuli womelele, kodwa ayisindi. Ke kubalulekile ukuba ngasezantsi.Intlobo ngeentlobo zendidi zolonwabo yasebusika esebenzayo, iintaba.