Abenzi bemeko- lenqaba alphabet. Ngubani na odale oonobumba Slavic kwinkulungwane 9?

Asingabo bonke abantu bazi ukuba yintoni Laziwa ngomhla wama-24 Meyi, kodwa akunakwenzeka ukuba nomfanekiso yintoni eyayiza kuba kuthi ukuba eli lemini kunyaka 863 eyahlukileyo, kwaye bemeko--alfabhethi bashiya nina ekubulalekeni kwabo.

Ngubani na odale oonobumba Slavic kwinkulungwane 9? Bona KIRILL I Mefody, yaye esi siganeko kwenzeka kanye emva kweminyaka engama-863 Meyi 24, nto leyo yakhokelela kubhiyozelwa enye ziganeko zibalulekileyo kwimbali yoluntu. Ngoku abantu baseMpumalanga bakwazi ukusebenzisa zawo ezibhaliweyo kwaye ungaboleki kuzo iilwimi zezinye izizwe.

Abenzi bemeko- lenqaba Literature - KIRILL I Mefody?

History of lenqaba Uncwadi ayikho njengoko "transparent" njengoko kubonakala ngathi uqala kuqala, kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo malunga kwabayili yayo. Kukho ulwazi olunomdla ukuba KIRILL, mna ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukusebenza ngomhla ekudalweni Slavic alfabhethi, ndaye Chersonese (ngoku eCrimea), nto leyo bakwazi ukuthatha imibhalo engcwele yeVangeli, okanye Psalter, esele ngelo xesha zabhalwa oonobumba begama lenqaba alphabet. Le nto yenza sicinge: Ngubani Slavic alphabet sadalwa, KIRILL I Mefody alphabet ngokwenene ebhaliweyo okanye bewugqibe umsebenzi?

Nangona kunjalo, ngaphandle yokuba uCyril uwakhuphile alfabethi ukulungele ukusuka Kherson, kukho ezinye ubungqina bokuba bemeko- lenqaba alphabet abanye abantu, yaye babephila ixesha elide phambi uCyril Methodius.

imithombo Arab isiganeko zembali zithi ukuba iminyaka engama-23 ngaphambi kokuba KIRILL I Mefody wadala oonobumba Slavic, elileli, i-imi- 40 kwinkulungwane IX, abantu bangabhaptizwa aba ezandleni le ncwadi, ibhalwe ngolwimi Slavic. Kwakhona, kukho nenye into enzulu ebonisa ukuba indalo lwe-alfabhethi Slavic ukuba umhla lowu ngaphambili. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuba uPopu Leo IV waba kwisiqinisekiso esikhutshwe ukuya kwiminyaka-863, olu sapho lwaluquka kanye na oonobumba Slavic alfabhethi, kunye etroneni eli nani kuluhlu ukususela kwiminyaka 847 ukuya 855 kwinkulungwane IX.

Ezinye, kodwa isibakala ubungqina obalulekileyo ezinye imvelaphi yamandulo Slavic Uncwadi imvume uCatherine II, ngubani ebudeni bolawulo lwakhe wabhala, ukuba nokuxubana abantu bamandulo ngaphezu kukholelwa ngokuqhelekileyo, kwaye script ukuba ukususela kwimihla andulela iKrismesi.

Ubungqina ulwimi yamandulo Slavic kwezinye izizwe

Ukudalwa lenqaba alfabhethi ukuya kwiminyaka-863 kwaye angabonisa ezinye izibakala ezisegumbini amaxwebhu zabanye abantu ababephila kumaxesha amandulo kwaye usebenzise ezinye iintlobo oonobumba ngexesha elifanelekileyo. Le mithombo abaliqela, yaye zifumaneka kule mbali wasePersi yi igama Ibn Fodlan, e El Massoudi, kwakunye kwi isuntswana kamva amagcisa kwimisebenzi ngokungenamkhethe ezaziwayo-kakuhle, apho kuthiwa oonobumba Slavic kwabunjwa phambi nokuxubana wabonakala iincwadi.

Le mbali, owayehlala kumda IX kunye X ngenkulungwane, ababesithi abantu baseMpumalanga kukho ubungqina omdala phambili ngaphezu amaRoma, yaye, wacaphula ezinye iisayithi ezikuvumela ukugqiba midala imvelaphi yabantu Slavic nokubhala kwabo.

Yaye isibakala yokugqibela apho kuchaphazela kakubi iingqondo zabantu ekhangela impendulo yombuzo ngubani owadala oonobumba Slavic - yinto ingqekembe ukuba iileta ezahlukeneyo oonobumba Russian ukususela kwimihla yangaphambili ngaphezu kweminyaka 863, yaye kummandla European amazwe afana England, eScandinavia, Denmark kunye nabanye.

Le refutation ngemvelaphi yamandulo Literature Slavic

Abenzi bemeko isityholo lenqaba alphabet omncinane "kubuzwa" omnye: abazange bashiye naziphi na iincwadi kunye amaxwebhu abhaliweyo kule ngolwimi mandulo. Noko ke, ukuze izazinzulu ezininzi kwanele ukuba Slavic ulwimi ebhaliweyo ekhoyo kwi ezininzi yamatye, amatye, izixhobo kunye nezinto zendlu ezazisetyenziswa yi nabemi bamandulo kubomi babo bemihla ngemihla.

Izazinzulu ezininzi ziye sele usebenza isifundo kwempumelelo yezembali ukubhala nokuxubana, kunjalo, omnye senior amagama Grinevich kufika phantse kumthombo, kunye nomsebenzi wakhe wenza kube lula ukuba ukususa nayiphi na itekisi ebhaliweyo e Old Slavonic ngolwimi.

umsebenzi Grinevitch ekufundeni Slavonic Literature

Ukuze siqonde ulwimi ebhaliweyo nokuxubana yamandulo, Grinevich kwakufuneka enze umsebenzi omninzi, ngexesha apho wafumanisa ukuba abazange lusekelwe iileta, yaye kwinkqubo, nto leyo liqhutywa amagama. Le Isazinzulu ngokwakhe ngokupheleleyo nzulu babekholelwa ukuba ukuyilwa lenqaba alphabet yaqala kwiminyaka 7000 eyadlulayo.

Iimpawu ze-alfabhethi Slavic lisivezela ezahlukeneyo, yaye emva kokuba amaqela bonke abalinganiswa Grinevich ezichongiweyo iindidi ezine: sahluli yomgama, iimpawu entle futhi kulinganiselwe.

Kuba isifundo Grinevich wasebenzisa iilebhile 150 ezahlukeneyo, apho akhoyo zonke iintlobo zezinto, nayo yonke impumelelo yakhe esekelwe ekufundeni ezi mpawu.

Grinevich Uphando olu lwaye lwafumanisa ukuba imbali Slavic Ukubhala amakhulu, kwaye i nokuxubana yamandulo kusetyenziswa uphawu 74. Nangona kunjalo, ukuba kukho inani enjalo loonobumba alfabhethi kakhulu kakhulu, yaye ukuba uthethe amazwi lonke ngolwimi lwabo ayinakuba nje 74. Ezi ngqwalasela kwakhokelela abaphandi bakholelwa ukuba kwe kwi alphabet le nokuxubana wasebenzisa iisilabhili endaweni iileta.

Umzekelo: "ihashe" - lwegama "uyabona"

indlela lakhe avumele ukuba izakhi imibhalo apho alwa izazinzulu ezininzi kwaye ayikwazanga ukuqonda ukuba athetha ukuthini. Yaye kwenzeka ukuba yonke into ilula:

1. Pot eyafunyanwa kufuphi Ryazan, waba umbhalo - imiyalelo, esasisithi kufuneka ufakwe kwi-oveni kanye n'wina.
2. Georgia, awawenzayo, nokwafumanekayo kufutshane nedolophu uneziqu, yaba umbhalo elula: "Umlinganiseli ounces 2."

Bonke ubungqina ngentla ukuphikisa ubungakanani ngokupheleleyo oko bemeko- lenqaba Literature - KIRILL I Mefody, undilinge kudala lolwimi lwethu.

runes Slavic kweli nokudalwa Slavic Written Language

Lowo wadala Slavic alfabhethi, kwakunzima clever kunye nesibindi ndoda, ngokuba le ngcamango ngelo xesha atshitshise umdali ngenxa yokungazi of bonke. Kodwa ngaphandle iincwadi kwemoto, kunye nezinye iinketho ekusasazeni ulwazi lwabantu - runes Slavic.

Iyonke emhlabeni wafumana runes 18 abakhoyo kwinani elikhulu iimveliso ezahlukeneyo ezenziwe ngodongwe, eqingqiweyo zamatye kunye nezinye izinto zobuciko. Omnye umzekelo ubumba ukusuka kwidolophana Lepesovka ibekwe engasezantsi Volyn, kunye nesitya sodongwe kwidolophana yeSebe. Ukongeza ubungqina ise emdeni Russia, kukho ezikhumbuzo ukuze ibekwe ePoland esafunyanwa 1771. Kwakhona bethule runes Slavic. Asimele silibale itempile Radegast, ibekwe Retro, apho neendonga zinokuhonjiswa nje abalinganiswa Slavic. Indawo yokugqibela ukuba izazinzulu ziye bafunda Thietmar Merseburg, kukho inkoloseko-itempile kwaye ibekwe phezu ndisesiqithini ekuthiwa Ruegen. Kukho inani elikhulu izithixo, abamagama abhaliweyo kunye runes Slavic imvelaphi.

yokubhala baseMpumalanga. KIRILL I Mefody njengoko kwabayili

Ukudala script zibangelwa uCyril Methodius, kunye nokuqinisekisa kwalo le datha yembali kwexesha ahambelanayo ebomini babo, nto leyo uchazwa ngokweenkcukacha. Ukuba ziyichaphazela njani intsingiselo yomsebenzi wabo, kwakunye nezizathu umsebenzi nokudalwa abalinganiswa ezintsha.

UCyril Methodius ekudaleni-alfabhethi bazisa kwisigqibo sokuba ezinye iilwimi ukuze ibonise ngokupheleleyo le ntetho Slavic. imisebenzi ubonakaliswa Le ngxaki seal nesibindi, leyo waphawula ukuba phambi kokuba ekwamkelweni koMgaqo-Slavic alfabhethi ibe ukusetyenziswa ubhaptizo jikelele lwenziwa mhlawumbi ngesiGrike okanye isiLatin, yaye ngaloo mihla kwacaca ukuba abakwazi kubonisa zonke izandi olwagcwalisa intetho yethu .

kwepolitiki kwi oonobumba Slavic

Nkqubo yaqala ifuthe layo kuluntu ukusuka kanye ekuqaleni ngokuzalwa iintlanga, unqulo, yaye kwakhona bafak 'isandla -alfabhethi Slavic, kwakunye nezinye iinkalo zobomi babantu.

Njengoko kuchaziwe ngentla, ngokutsho ubhaptizo nokuxubana inkonzo zaqhutywa nokuba isiGrike okanye isiLatin, nto leyo evumela amanye amabandla okuphembelela iingqondo kunye nokomeleza ezingqondweni le nokuxubana babecinga indima yabo lubalaseleyo.

Abo amazwe apho inkonzo zaye na kuqhutywa isiGrike nesiLatini, zifumene ekhulayo impembelelo ababingeleli German elukholweni yabantu, nangenxa ibandla yaseByzantium oku akwamkelekanga, yaye wenza inyathelo okuhambisanayo, eyalela uCyril Methodius script indalo, nto leyo iya kurekhodwa inkonzo kunye nemibhalo engcwele.

ibandla yaseByzantium baphikisana ngokuchanekileyo ngelo xesha, kunye noyilo bakhe kangangokuba lowo owadala oonobumba Slavic ngokusekelwe oonobumba yamaGrike, kuya kunceda ekunciphiseni iimpembelelo kwi German Church kuwo onke amazwe Slavic ngexesha elifanayo ngaxeshanye kuya kunceda ekumanyaniseni abantu waseByzantium. La manyathelo zithathelwe ingqalelo njengoko eqhutywa kukubawa.

Ngubani na odale ezi Slavic alphabet esekelwe kwi-alfabhethi isiGrike? KIRILL I Mefody wadala kwaye lo msebenzi baye bakhethwa ibandla yaseByzantium akukho ngozi. UCyril wakhulela kwisixeko eTesalonika, owathi, nangona ebengumGrike, kodwa malunga nesiqingatha abemi balo kakuhle kwi Slavonic, kunye uCyril yena ezazi kakuhle, yaye baba memory kakhulu.

Byzantium kunye nendima yawo

Kuthekani xa umsebenzi waqalisa phezu ekudalweni Slavic alfabhethi, olwenziwe ukubambana ethile kakhulu, ukususela ngoMeyi 24 - Nguwo lo mhla esemthethweni, kodwa imbali kukho umsantsa omkhulu phakathi kwexesha, ukudala nonokungangqinelani.

Emva Byzantium wayinika umsebenzi onzima, KIRILL I Mefody waqalisa kuphuhliso loncwadi Slavic kwaye kunyaka 864 bafika Moravia kunye oonobumba ulungele Slavic hundzuluxela iVangeli ngokupheleleyo, apho babehlanganisene ukulungiselela abafundi esikolweni.

Emva kokufumana umsebenzi icawa yaseByzantium ka KIRILL I Mefody zithunyelwa Morven. Kuhambo lwabo ukuba benza ukubhala oonobumba kunye ukuguqulelwa izicatshulwa iVangeli ulwimi Slavic, kwaye sele ekufikeni kwisixeko ezandleni zabo ukulungele ukusebenza. Noko ke, endleleni eya Moravia Nongawuthabathiyo ixesha kangaka. Mhlawumbi eli xesha, aze likuvumela ukuba ukudala zamagama, kodwa ukuguqulela imibhalo kweVangeli kwixesha elingephi nje akunakwenzeka, nto leyo ibonisa kwangaphambili umsebenzi ulwimi Slavic kunye nguqulelo kweetekisi.

isifo uCyril kweliso lalo

Emva kweminyaka emithathu yomsebenzi esikolweni yabo Literature Slavonic uCyril efulathela ityala waya eRoma. Ekutshintsheni izinto zenzeka sifo. UCyril washiya yonke into ngenxa yokufa cwaka eRoma. Methodius, ukuba wedwa, iyaqhubeka iphulo layo kwaye kungekho manyathelo umva, kodwa ngoku uye waba nzima kakhulu, kuba iCawa yamaKatolika baqalisa ukuqonda ngobungakanani bomsebenzi owenziweyo kwaye akonwabanga malunga noku. YaseRoma Church uyakuthintela iinguqulelo zibe Slavic kwaye babonise ekuhleni ukungoneliseki kwabo, kodwa Methodius ngoku abalandeli abaye bancedisa size siqhubeke nomsebenzi wakhe.

Cyrillic and Glagolitic - leyo aphawula ukuqala yokubhala mihla?

Akukho bungqina ozinzisiweyo ukuba angabonisa yeyiphi amaphepha eempendulo kuye kwavela ngaphambili, yaye akukho lwazi ngqo malunga owadala Slavic alfabhethi eRashiya , yaye nguwuphi na kwaba bobabini kunokwenzeka wabeka isandla sakhe KIRILL. Siyazi kuphela enye into, kodwa eyona nto ibalulekileyo - yaba ngunozala namhlanje Cyrillic Russian zamagama ngenxa yakhe ke singayibhala njengoko asinibhaleli namhlanje.

Oonobumba besiCyrillic ubunjwe iileta 43, kunye nento yokuba umsunguli walo uCyril ebonisa ubukho kuyo 24 iincwadi zesiGrike be-alfabhethi. Ke namanye 19 bemeko- Cyrillic alphabet ngokusekelwe oonobumba yamaGrike yayiquka kuphela ukubonakalisa izandi ezintsonkothileyo abafumaneka kuphela phakathi kwabantu abo basebenzisa ulwimi Slavic ukunxibelelana.

Abanempembelelo ukuze lula yaye kuphuculwe ngokuhamba kwexesha oonobumba Cyrillic waba, phantse rhoqo kuye. Noko ke, kwakukho amathuba ezakwenza kube nzima email, umzekelo unobumba "e" okwesihlandlo sokuqala, ezifana "e", incwadi "d" - nelo ukuba "and". Le leta ekuqaleni iyakuqhwalelisa upelo, kodwa ukubonisa izandi ahambelanayo.

Glagolitic, enyanisweni, i-analogue lwe-alfabhethi Cyrillic, yaye basebenzisa oonobumba 40, no-39 kubo athathwa ngenxa oonobumba Cyrillic. Umahluko omkhulu phakathi Glagolitic kukuba ngamnye unendlela yakhe ajikelezayo ngakumbi sokubhala, yaye akukho ubuqhitala bokoyiswa semvelo, njengoko kuchasene Cyrillic.

Shwaka alfabhethi (Glagolitic), kodwa akazange athathe, kodwa ngokunzima kusetyenziswa nokuxubana abahlala ezinezinga kumazantsi nasentshonalanga, kunye, kuxhomekeka kwindawo yabahlali, sase isimbo wayo umbhalo wakhe. I nokuxubana ohlala eBulgaria, kusetyenziselwa ukubhala Glagolitic style ajikelezayo ngakumbi Croatian gravitated ukuya angularity le leta.

Nangona inani yeengcinga, nkqu engenangqondo abathile kubo, ngamnye ifanelwe ingqalelo, kwaye awukwazi ukuphendula ngqo ngubani bemeko- lenqaba alphabet. Iimpendulo ziya kuba ezingacacanga, kunye iziphene ezininzi neentsilelo. Nangona kukho izibakala ezininzi aphikise ukudalwa Cyril olubhaliweyo Methodius, baye bawongwa amawonga ngomsebenzi wakhe, okwenza ukuba ukwanda zamagama similise zohlobo langoku.