Yokubhala baseMpumalanga eRussia

ulwimi Russian Modern esekelwe kwi-Old Church Slavonic, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, ngaphambili kusetyenziselwa ukubhala, nangenxa yokuthetha. Iye yasinda imisongo emininzi nemizobo.

Culture of Rus yaMandulo: Ukubhala

Izazinzulu ezininzi athi phambi kokuba ngenkulungwane yesithoba apho, kwakungekho ukubhala kwaphela. Oku kuthetha ukuba ayisekho hlobo ngamaxesha Kievan Rus yokubhala lexi.

Noko ke, le ngqikelelo kuphosakele, kuba xa ujonga kwi kwimbali kwamanye amazwe aphuhlileyo namazwe, siyakwazi ukubona ukuba wonke umntu siqinile apho kubhalwe. Ukususela Russia amandulo kwakhona zifakwe inani lamazwe kakuhle kakhulu, kwaye ke kubhaliwe efanayo iRashiya iyafuneka.

Elinye iqela izazinzulu uphando kuye kwabonisa ukuba umbhalo lowo, yaye esi sigqibo iye yomelezwa kwinani lwamaxwebhu zembali zibakala: ". Ngokubhalwa" Wayengoyiki wabhala zindaba Kwakhona, "kwi Ubomi of Constantine NoMethodius" libhekisela ubukho lokubhala Mpuma nokuxubana. Njengoko ushicilelo ubungqina usenokuphila Ibn Fadlan.

Ngoko xa kukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo eRashiya? Impendulo yalo mbuzo nangoku impikiswano. Kodwa yingxoxo iphambili kuba uluntu, iqinisekisa ukuvela lokubhala eRashiya, na iimvumelwano phakathi eRashiya kunye Byzantium ezibhaliweyo kwi-911 no 945, ngokulandelelana kwazo.

KIRILL I Mefody: indima enkulu kwi Slavic alphabet

Igalelo ootitshala Slavic kubalulekile. Yaba ukuqala umsebenzi wabo kulwimi Slavic ezikhuphile oonobumba yaso, leyo ilula kakhulu kwi isandi sayo nopelo ngaphezu inguquko yangaphambili ulwimi.

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba ootitshala kunye nabafundi babo, ukuba zishunyayelwa East Slavic izizwe, kodwa abaphandi bathi Meyi Methodius kunye uCyril Sizibekele iziphumo. Intshayelelo iimbono zakhe nje bandise izilangazelelo zabo, kodwa lula ukuphunyezwa East Slavic inkcubeko ulwimi lula.

Kwinkulungwane yeshumi iincwadi kunye nobomi yiEnlightenment omkhulu waya kummandla eRashiya, apho waqalisa impumelelo yokwenene. Yaba ngeli xesha abaphandi kunganxulunyaniswa ukuvela lokubhala eRashiya, lenqaba alphabet.

Russia ukususela ukuqaliswa alfabhethi lwabo ulwimi

Nangona zonke ezi zibakala, abanye abaphandi bazama ukubonisa ukuba alfabhethi ye yiEnlightenment Wabonakala amaxesha Kievan Rus ', oko kukuthi, ngaphambi kokuba ubhaptizwe, xa eRussia ilizwe lobuhedeni. Ngaphandle kwento yokuba uninzi amaxwebhu awayebhalwe nangesiCyrillic, kufuneka amaphepha eziqulathe ulwazi olubhaliweyo kwe kwi alphabet Glagolitic. Abaphandi bathi, mhlawumbi, oonobumba Glagolitic njengoko lisetyenziswe eRashiya yamandulo ngayo ngexesha lesithoba seshumi-kwiinkulungwane - phambi kokwamkelwa ubuKristu.

Kutsha nje, eli ingcamango singqiniwe. Izazinzulu nabaphandi wafumana xwebhu aqulethe Kurekhodwa yokuphumla ethile umbingeleli. Kwelinye icala, angathembeli wabhala ukuba ngo-1044 eRashiya wasebenzisa oonobumba Glagolitic, kodwa abantu Slavic akukhathalwa njengokuba utitshala yomsebenzi uCyril yaye yaziwa ngokuba "Cyrillic".

Kunzima ukutsho indlela eyahlukileyo ngexesha inkcubeko Rus Ancient. Ukuvela lokubhala eRashiya, njengokuba Kukholelwa, sele iqalile ukususela iincwadi wokukhanya ngokubanzi, phezu kwazo nje izibakala, besithi umbhalo njengento ebalulekileyo eRashiya yobuhedeni.

Uphuhliso olukhawulezileyo Slavic Uncwadi: ubhaptizo zwe lamaqaba

Le ekhawulezile yophuhliso East Slavic abantu baqalisa ukubhala emva ubhaptizo Rus, xa kwakukho ulwimi olubhaliweyo eRashiya. Ngowe-988, xa Prince Vladimir kuguqukela kubuKristu eRashiya, abantwana ingqalelo laye- waqala ukufundisa iincwadi zokoqobo. Yaba ngeli xesha, kukho iincwadi zonqulo, ngencwadi ebhaliweyo, umbhalo kwi yokutshixa cylinder, naye waya ibinzana elibhaliweyo, ngensimbi zize ukuze, ngekrele. Xa amatywina njengenkosana kuvela iitekisi.

Kwakhona, kubalulekile ukuba kuqatshelwe ukuba kukho kumabali iinkozo zemali kunye zemibhalo wasebenzisa Prince Vladimir, Svyatopolk kunye Jaroslav.

A 1030 inzuzo ukusetyenziswa kabanzi ezinde amaxolo.

Ingxelo ebhaliweyo lokuqala: yesandla neencwadi birchbark

Iirekhodi zokuqala ezibhaliweyo Ngokushicilela ezinde steel amaxolo. Le ukufunda nokubhala ingxelo ebhaliweyo kwi Isiqwenga encinane amaxolo ezinde.

Ukohluka yokuba ukuba emi namhlanje. Kuba abaphandi eso sigqibo kubaluleke kakhulu: ukongeza yokuba ngenxa yezi amaxhwebhu zinokufumaneka iimpawu zolwimi Slavic, ukubhala phezu ezinde ixolo bayakwazi ukuthetha malunga iziganeko ezibalulekileyo ezenzeka ngexesha elinanye ukuya kwiinkulungwane elinesihlanu. Ezi rekhodi zibe into ebalulekileyo isifundo imbali Russia yamandulo.

Ukongeza Slavic inkcubeko, amaxolo ezinde wasetyenziswa phakathi kwamanye amazwe neenkcubeko.

Kweli thuba yokugcina amaxwebhu amaninzi birchbark, eyabhalwa Amakholwa Old. Ukongeza, kunye nesiqalo nokufika Berestovoy "iphepha", abantu baye bafunda ukuba stratify ixolo ezinde. Le kwafunyaniswa yaba negalelo iincwadi ukubhala phezu ixolo ezinde. Lenqaba ulwimi olubhaliweyo eRashiya usiba eziphuhlileyo ngakumbi.

A ziyintsikelelo for abaphandi kunye mbali

Ileta yokuqala, Berestovoy wenza ephepheni, apho kwafunyanwa eRashiya, ibekwe kwisixeko Novgorod Enkulu. Bonke baye bafunda imbali wazi ukuba lo mzi waba kubaluleke gqitha kuphuhliso Russia.

A nqanaba entsha ekuphuhliseni ulwimi olubhaliweyo: uguqulo nje impumelelo enkulu

nempembelelo enkulu ulwimi olubhaliweyo eRashiya ziye nokuxubana Southern.

Prince Vladimir eRashiya waqalisa ukuguqulela iincwadi kunye namaxwebhu evela iilwimi zaseMzantsi Slavic. Kwaye Prince Yaroslav Izazi waqalisa ukuphuhlisa ulwimi uncwadi, ngenxa apho kwakukho uhlobo zoncwadi ezifana uncwadi ibandla.

Kubaluleke kakhulu ukuba ulwimi wamandulo ubuchule eziguqula evela iilwimi zasemzini. Inguqulelo yokuqala (iincwadi), awayevela amaqela West Yurophu, le nguqulelo evela yesiGrike. Yaba ulwimi yamaGrike ngeendlela ezininzi batshintsha inkcubeko ulwimi Russian. amagama amaninzi mboleko baninzi ngakumbi ezisetyenziswa kwimisebenzi yoncwadi, nkqu kwimibhalo ecaweni enye.

Kubalulekile kweli nqanaba baqalisa ukutshintsha inkcubeko eRashiya, nto leyo ubhalela nzima ngakumbi.

Ushintsho kaPetros Enkulu, endleleni eya ulwimi olulula

Kuthi kwakufika uPetros mna, ngubani iinguqu isakhiwo bonke abantu Russian, nkqu ngolwimi nenkcubeko, izilungiso olumandla olwenziwe. Ukuvela lokubhala kumaxesha amandulo eRashiya nangoko xaka ulwimi sele ezintsonkothileyo Slavic. Ngowe-1708, Pet Veliky laqalisa babizwa ngokuba "ifonti yoluntu." Sele 1710, uPeter Omkhulu ngokobuqu rhoqo ileta ulwimi Russian, emva apho oonobumba esitsha sadalwa. Alphabet kudale lula kwaye kulula ukuyisebenzisa. umlawuli Russian wayefuna lula ulwimi Russian. nje ke abaninzi oonobumba ngaphandle oonobumba, ngaloo ndlela kube lula nje ukuthetha, kodwa ngembalelwano.

utshintsho kwinkulungwane ye-18: ukusungulwa abalinganiswa ezintsha

Utshintsho eliyinhloko ukusungulwa ileta enjalo ngeli xesha, njengoko "kunye emfutshane". Le leta yaqaliswa ngo-1735. Sele 1797, Karamzin wasebenzisa umqondiso entsha "yo" isandi.

Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-18, le leta "yat" ilahlekelwe intsingiselo yalo, kuba kungqamane isandi "e" isandi. Yaba ngeli xesha le leta "yat" ayeka kusetyenziswa. Kungekudala naye yayeka ukuba abe yinxalenye oonobumba Russian.

Yinkalo yokugqibela yophuhliso ulwimi Russian: iinguqu ezingephi

Ukuhlaziywa yokugqibela, leyo zatshintsha elishicilelwe phantsi eRashiya, waye yotshintsho ka-1917, nto leyo eyaqhubeka de 1918. Kujongwe ukuba ecaleni bonke oonobumba, isandi leyo mhlawumbi efana kakhulu okanye ngokupheleleyo ngokuphindaphindiweyo. Kuyinto ngenxa kule kubuyiselo ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, kukho ingongoma eqinileyo (b) umsantsa, kwaye athambileyo (b) le ukwahlukana kumakisha ezingoonombini ezithambileyo.

Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuba inguquko eye yabangela ukunganeliseki enkulu ngakwicala yamanani amaninzi abadumileyo zoncwadi. Ngokomzekelo, uIvan Bunin wagxeka ngamandla utshintsho ngolwimi lweenkobe.