Abantu bamandulo eRussia. Imbali karhulumente kunye Russian izizwe

abantu bamandulo eRashiya baqalisa kumazwe nokuhlaliswa kwaye obzhivanie elide phambi kokuba ukunyuka sokumiswa. Kungenxa yoko le nto yokuqala kunye Grand iNkosana Russia - Rurik - kubeka isixa omkhulu okusemandleni alo ukwenza bengatshatanga, unina eentlanga ezininzi.

Imizamo yokuqala ukufunda abantu bamandulo

Olona phawu engundoqo yophononongo labemi Slavic kukuba kukho nemiba yokuqhuba eqhubekayo yobudlelwane phakathi kohlanga. Kuthetha ukuthini? Funda abantu ezisisiseko eRashiya, kubalulekile ukuba kukuphonononga ngokubanzi lo mbandela. Umzekelo, ugxininise abahlali kummandla Central, kufuneka ahlawule ingqalelo uhlanga eMpuma Yurophu eSiberia.

Zonke izifundo inkqubo pre-revolution zigxininise kubantu abangatshatanga Russian. Impembelelo kwezinye izizwe, ukuba ngaphandle inzululwazi, ngokungangqalanga okhankanywe, kodwa hayi nje umbuzo ophambili, kodwa kuphela xa umthetho. Into kuphela amkelwe ngokusesikweni kukuba ngokuthe wamgalela izizwe Finno-Ugric, abantu bomthonyama eRashiya.

Kuphela ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane yamashumi amabini, eRashiya waqalisa ukuba zibonwe karhulumente ngokwembali multi-yobuhlanga. Awunako ukuyifihla into yokuba izigqibo ezinjalo lwenziwe phantsi kwempembelelo oosonzululwazi yaseYurophu. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko waqala ukuzivakalisa imisebenzi ngababhali Orthodox, emxelela ukuba bomthonyama Russia abaphuhlisa phantsi kweempembelelo imvelaphi yamandulo yeBhayibhile. "Abantu Russian - abantu ukuqondwa nguThixo imvelaphi yamandulo Kyivan" - evakalayo njengoko ibali elinye iinkokeli zecawa - A. Nechvolodov. Kuba ingqalelo ukuyilwa amaSkitiya, Huns kunye nezinye izizwe ezikhoyo ngokwahlukeneyo.

Kwaba kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, kwakukho into yokucinga yezembali, njengoko ithiyori yaseYurophu.

Folk imvelaphi: kwenzeka njani?

kwiinkulungwane eziliqela ngaphambi kwexesha lamaKristu kwakukho isiganeko enkulu yimbali: intsimbi iqala ukuba bancedisane izakusetyenziswa endaweni ngobhedu. nsimbi Egqugqisileyo wanikela izinto ezisetyenziswa ngokuqhelekileyo kuphela ekrwada, kodwa amandla lamaqhosha eyenziweyo.

Ngeli xesha kukho kobubi chu imozulu, sikhatshwe ukunyuka ubungakanani bomhlaba ochumileyo, ithembisa ukuba iinkalo izilwanyana, iyahluka umsebenzi ezincinane ezikhula phantsi kwendawo amanzi, nto leyo iba nefuthe entle ekwakhiweni lwemilambo, amachibi, imilambo kunye njalo njalo.

Nokufika intsimbi ekrwada abantu bamandulo baseRashiya baqalisa kuphuhliso yayo esebenzayo. Izizwe Inani usebenzisa isinyithi njengoko izinto base. Ngeli xesha, ebalasele yamandulo Russian kunikwe kwakhona kwiminyanya lenqaba abantu, baseLatvia, Estonia, Lithuanians, izizwe kumntla-mpuma Finno-Ugric, kwakunye neminye yoluntu ukuba belimiwe isithuba of Central Russia kunye naseMpuma Europe.

«Iron revolution" iye yaphakamisa kwinqanaba lezolimo, yanda nokucandwa kwamahlathi eli-, kwayiphelisa micinga umsebenzi endle enzima. Abantu yamandulo Russia, abamagama ayaziwa Ngokwembali, ngokuthe ngcembe waqalisa ukubonisa iimpawu ezikhethekileyo ubunzima bayo yabemi. Formation of isizwe ngasinye iphenjelelwa osodlosti, uphuhliso ukufuywa kwezilwanyana kunye nezolimo. Ngaphezu koko, ukuyohlala kumacala ezahlukeneyo zehlabathi, abantu baseMpumalanga wegqitha zasekhaya abamelwane izakhono zolwimi lwasemzini - meryam, Chud, Karelia, njalo-njalo. Oku kuchaza inani elikhulu amazwi imvelaphi Estonian Slavic, ezinxulumene nomxholo wokufama.

Yokuqala ekwahlala kuyo

I AMAGQABAZA ▸ zokuqala imizi ababehlala yaye ayila iintlanga kunye norhulumente mdala Russian apho, eyayikho kwi BC nenkulungwane yokuqala. A intsingiselo efanayo liyasetyenziswa e Northern Europe, yaye Urals - umda ityala olubonakalayo kwabantu Slavic.

Zokuvala ihlathi babeziindleko negalelo ekutshatyalalisweni yokuphila ekuhlaleni yesizwe. Ngoku ke abantu bamandulo eRashiya abahlala ezingxandeni okanye eziqinileyo, leyo buthathaka kakhulu ke nomini kanye noluntu omkhulu onamandla. Ngokuthe ngcembe ngenkani nokuhlaliswa kwabantu ukuba ushiye indawo yakhe yokuhlala, yaye kancinci sihambe ngendlela yasemzantsi-lasempuma. iinqaba ezishiywe babebizwa iidolophu. Ngenxa kwiindawo ezinjalo kunye nezakhiwo, imbali Russia ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kuye izibakala ezininzi nolwazi lwenzululwazi. Ngoku izazinzulu Umenzele ubomi bemihla ngemihla babantu, abakhuliswe ngayo, imfundo kunye nengqesho. Ngemihla izixeko kukho iimpawu zokuqala ezithile ngokwezinga.

Limbo lenqaba njenge amaqela athile uhlanga

Izazinzulu abaninzi banoluvo lokuba nokuxubana kwi uninzi imvelaphi yaseYurophu Indo-. Ngenxa yoko, abantu abaninzi bamandulo eRashiya ekuqaleni imiwe nje kuphela ummandla karhulumente mihla, kodwa inxalenye enkulu eMpuma Yurophu kunye amazwe akumazantsi ukuya ku India yanamhlanje.

Imvelaphi oqhelekileyo iintlanga ezininzi unika iilwimi eziqhelekileyo mihla. Nangona ekuqaleni ezahlukeneyo kuphuhliso, iilwimi kumazwe angabamelwane amazwe Ungafumana inani enkulu efanayo, ngaphakathi intsingiselo kunye yokubiza amagama. Namhlanje ingqalelo ukuba lifana wamaCelts, kulwimilwesiJamani, Slavic, ongumRoma, amaNdiya, Iranian, kunye nezinye iintsapho zolwimi.

Le nokwenziwa kwe nokuxubana

Ngenxa ekwakuphila uhlanga watshabalala akukho bantu. Xa ixesha esebenzayo zokuhlala benemfundo kwenzeka nokwenziwa kunye nezizwe ezikufuphi kunye noluntu.

On ubungqina ngakumbi ngembali kaRhulumente ngobuzwe kunye nabantu eRussia cwaka. Kulo mba, ukutyhubela iinkulungwane, izazinzulu, iinkokeli kubeka phambili ezahlukeneyo yeengcinga. Umzekelo, umkhumbuzi yokuqala Nestor wayekholelwa ukuba abantu Slavic ekuqaleni wahlala kumda Central neMpuma Yurophu, kwaye phambili eli qela uhlanga wathabatha iDanube umlambo isitya kunye Balkan Peninsula.

Izazinzulu - abameli oohlohlesakhe ukubeka phambili ingcamango eziphosakeleyo ikhaya kakhokho nokuxubana yinxalenye encinane kwintsimi Carpathians.

iintlanga Russian ngokufutshane malunga nokuxubana ye BC kwewaka lesibini

Le zo of nokuxubana yamandulo bakholwa uhlanga olukhulu imbali zangaphambili, ngoku nakwixesha elizayo. Ukuze maxesha ethu kuza izibakala abantu imvelaphi Slavic kwabunjwa phantsi kwempembelelo le Por, i Veneti, Wends, njalo-njalo.

AmaGrike wachaza kummandla nokuxubana kule ndlela ilandelayo: entshonalanga - ukuya iElbe; emantla - ukuya kuLwandle eBaltic; apha emzantsi - ukuya iDanube uMlambo; esempuma - ukuya Ukutya kunye Oka. Ngaphezu koko, lo zamandulo zamaGrike abahambi, iinkcuba kunye izazinzulu ziye ayiphelelanga kuloo data. Ngokutsho kwabo, abantu baseMpumalanga abahlala eRashiya, sizakhele i kude emzantsi-mpuma ngokusebenzisa izowuni enkulu linonophele ihlathi-emathafeni. Yindlela ohlala yobomi emahlathini abatyebileyo lizwe, ukuzingela esebenzayo nokuloba, ukuqokelela imifuno kunye amaqunube aba isizathu ukuxubana nokuxubana amaSarmatia.

Ngokutsho likaHerodotus, kwiMpuma Yurophu wahlala eyaziwa ngokuba amaSkitiya abantu. Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba, phantsi le nkcazelo, ukuqonda nje izizwe Slavic, kodwa amanye amaqela amaninzi izizwe.

Izityebi kumntla-mpuma eYurophu?

abantu bamandulo eRussia ayiphelelanga ukukhankanywa abantu imvelaphi Slavic. Okwesibini nani likhulu lezizwe kunye nokuhlaliswa ngaphakathi kwimida karhulumente yeqela Lithuanian-Latvian ezinabantu.

Oku abantu fanele izizwe Finno-Ugric iilwimi: i eFinland, Estonia, Mari, Mordvins njalo njalo. abantu engangqalanga lesizwe Russia ifana ne Slavic izizwe yokuphila. Ngaphezu koko, iilwimi ezinxulumene ziye igalelo elibonakalayo ukomeleza uluntu ngentla yobuhlanga.

A isici esasenza baseLatvia kwaye Lithuanians kukuba uninzi ixesha nengqalelo bazinika ihashe ezizalayo ngaphezu kwezolimo. Ngelo xesha yayakhiwe ethembekileyo zokuhlala-zokuhlala. Xa sikhangela amabali lwabahambi, UHerodotus ebizwa iqela Lithuanian-Latvian Tissagets.

Rus yaMandulo: AmaSkitiya amaSarmatia

Enye abameli embalwa iilwimi Iranian, kusale nje, azafunyanelwa ndawo kwimbali, zezona AmaSkitiya amaSarmatia. Yezizathu aba bantu ahlala ummandla zantsi eRashiya ukuya ku besekhaya.

uluntu amaSkitiya. kunye Sarmatian inemisebenzi ezifanayo kunye nezinye izizwe, kodwa zange baba nesiqalo enye yezopolitiko. Nokuba kule BC ngenkulungwane yesihlanu ngosuku kummandla zezizwe yokulungisa kwenzeka ezithile ngokwezinga, baza baqhuba iimfazwe loloyiso. Ngokuthe ngcembe amaSkitiya woyisa izizwe Sea Black, wenza iihambo abaninzi ngeeBalkans, kwelaseAsiya, Transcaucasia.

legends Amazing yiya ubutyebi amaSkitiya. Koyise pawned imali elingu zegolide. Ngoko ke, sinako ukulandela kakhulu ngokwezinga olomeleleyo yoluntu, kwakunye namandla kwiklasi elite.

An into umdla kukuba amaSkitiya bohlulwa eziliqela ngamaqela-izizwe. Ngokomzekelo, xa entilini ngakwimpuma Dnieper wahlala ukwahluka ephila yobuhlanga, nayo, icala elisentshona komlambo omiweyo yi amaSkitiya-abalimi. Xa iqela elahlukileyo eyabelwe Royal AmaSkitiya, babehamba phakathi Dnieper nolusezantsi Don. Kuphela apha ungafumana zokungqinga bazizityebi yokungcwaba kunye nokuhlaliswa ngamandla enqatyisiweyo.

Imbali of Russia ukususela kumaxesha amandulo kwakhona ibonelela imibutho ngokumangalisayo olutshintshatshintshayo kwizizwe zamaSkitiya-Sarmatian. Ngokuthe ngcembe ezifana nokudibana sibangele ukuba kubekho imeko kwinkqubo ngamakhoboka. Urhulumente lokuqala ukuba ubuzwe kwasekwa izizwe Sindhi, omnye - ngenxa ye Thracian Wars.

Urhulumente onamandla amaSkitiya. kwasekwa i-BC ngenkulungwane yesithathu, kwaba embindini eCrimea. Indawo Simferopol indawo ophambili mihla yamandulo - umzi kunye negama elihle Naples - ikomkhulu lobukumkani zamaSkitiya. Yaba iziko enamandla, iindonga zakho zamatye kwaye ifakwe enkulu yokugcina ingqolowa.

zombini AmaSkitiya abathatha inxaxheba kwezolimo, yaye ukuze sinikele ingqalelo ekhethekileyo isabelo izilwanyana. Xa BC Ngenkulungwane yokuqala, phakathi kwezizwe ayenziwa imisebenzi yezandla. inkcubeko Bright olumangalisayo yamaSkitiya sisaqhubeka efundwayo zizazinzulu-mbali. Oku wanika abantu yobukhulu ngezimvo imizobo, imifanekiso kunye nezinye indalo zobugcisa. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, imyuziyam abagcina zisaqhubeka ubomi yamandulo.

Kukho uluvo lokuba ezi zizwe yamaSkitiya zange ngokupheleleyo zimke kwimaphu. Ubukho uluntu ikhoboka ingxaki izicacele, kodwa liphezulu kakhulu kunye nezizwe baseMpumalanga okuba nokwenziwa. Le nto isixelela imvelaphi yamagama amaninzi kulwimi mihla Russian. Ukuba lenqaba aphele "inja", kunye ibinzana kusetyenziswa Scytho-Iran "inja"; Common Slavonic "ezilungileyo" kulingana ngexabiso zamaSkitiya-Sarmatian "ezilungileyo" njalo-njalo.

Akukho mfuneko ukuqwalasela amaSkitiya inzala ngqo yabantu Slavic, Noko ke, ezo ntlokoma inkcubeko yamandulo ezimangalisayo zisekhona.

coast Sea Black: iingcambu Greek

Nations eyayikhona ngomhla ummandla aselunxwemeni lolwandle Black, kwiinkulungwane ezimbalwa ngaphambi kwexesha lethu yayibanjwe kumaqela wesihlangu Greek. Kuba amashumi baye kukho isixeko-States inkcubeko zamandulo zamaGrike. Yokusonga ubuhlobo khoboka.

Russia yamandulo wafunda isixa esikhulu amava angathethekiyo ubomi zamaGrike. Ngokukodwa kuphuhliswa kule ndawo baphiwa wokufama, ukubamba intlanzi ityuwa, iwayini, processing ingqolowa, amazwe kwelo lizwe zamaSkitiya. Sandile nokuthandwa wazuza yobugcisa ceramic. Ukongeza, amava sele lwenziwe urhwebo namazwe aphesheya. Kubaluleke umhombiso Greek bawela ukusetyenziswa ookumkani amaSkitiya., evunyiweyo kunye imithombo yendawo.

City, kwakheka kwi ummandla elalisakuba Greek isixeko-ithi, baye kwinqanaba eliphezulu amasiko abantu. Ezininzi iicawa, zemiboniso, imifanekiso kunye nemizobo ezihonjiswe ubomi yemihla ngemihla kwanamaGrike. Ngokuthe ngcembe, lo mzi ezaliswe izizwe iqaba, owathi, Isimanga, inkcubeko zamandulo zamaGrike ayeze, ukulondoloza ezikhumbuzo zobugcisa, ngokunjalo ukufunda imibhalo ye-zobulumko.

YaMandulo labantu Russian: nezizwe Bosporan Kingdom

Northern Black Sea Coast ekuqaleni uphuhliso BC kwenkulungwane yesihlanu. Apha wabumba urhulumente ikhoboka ezinkulu kuphela phantsi igama Bosporus - Kerch yanamhlanje. inkampani enkulu yezopolitiko sasithatha iinkulungwane 9 kuphela, emva koko kwi-BC ngenkulungwane yesine, yatshatyalaliswa Huns.

Agxile nezizwe yesiGrike kuLwandle Northern Black eUre kwi Kerch Peninsula, esezantsi ye-Don. Bathabatha kunye Taman Peninsula. uphuhliso Active yabantu ekhankanywe kwinxalenye esempuma kurhulumente, ukususela umanyano izizwe ngokuthe ngcembe wabanumzana eziBekekileyo kunye begazi, abo basebenzisana kunye nabameli abatyebileyo yabantu zamaGrike.

Umfutho kokutshatyalaliswa karhulumente yokuqala yaba mvukelo likhoboka ikhokelwa yi Savmak. Ngeli thuba Rus yaMandulo izele ngokwahlukana neziphithiphithi. Ngokuthe ngcembe, yoLwandle Black ithinjiwe ngokupheleleyo Getae kunye amaSarmatia, yaye kamva batshatyalaliswe phantse ngokupheleleyo.

Formation of ubutyebi bembali Russian of Russia intsha nje nefuthe ngabantu abahlala kummandla Central. Kwakhona kwaba nefuthe elibaluleke bezinye iintlanga. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, akunakwenzeka yokwazi ukuba ingaba nokuxubana zaye ekuphuhliseni abantu babo okanye nokudaleka zingachaphazela nabani na ovela ngaphandle. Lo mbuzo yenzelwe ukuvumela bezenzululwazi zembali.