Impucuko ntoni? Iimpawu, iimpawu, uphuhliso yempucuko. Imbali impucuko Russian, entshona, empuma, mihla. impucuko umhlaba

Lonke ixesha yobukho bomntu, emva yaphuma isanda, washiya mhle ndidikwe ngexesha emqolombeni, lungohlulwa lube zigaba ezithile, ngamnye oya kuba uluntu elide-ekhoyo amazwe kunye nabantu zimanyaniswe efanayo zentlalo, zenkcubeko iimpawu zoqoqosho. Ezifana zodwa wathatha ixesha zembali eyaziwa ngokuba impucuko kwaye iqulathe kuye iimpawu yedwa azalwa.

Impucuko njenge inkqubela yonke imbali

Kwiimfundiso abameli ezininzi ngcembe kwinkulungwane XIX elilawulwa yi kwithiyori jikelele inkqubela zembali. Akumthathi ingqalelo ngamnye iimpawu lemiphakathi ngamnye, iimpawu ezinxulumene uhlanga, okusingqongileyo, imozulu, inkolo kunye nezinye izinto. Bekucingelwa ukuba lonke uluntu ubandakanyeke enye intshukumo phambili. History of Civilizations kumaqela ngamnye, phantse libunile ukuya kwisiqalo.

Noko ke, ekupheleni kwalo themba zembali leminyaka uye ukwehla, wanika indlela amathandabuzo malunga ubunyani inkqubela jikelele zembali. Wabonakala, kwaye ziyafikelelwa inani elikhulu labalandeli e-worldwork theory onxulumanisa uphuhliso kumaqela athile abantu ezindawo yeendawo abahlala kuzo kwaye iqondo lohlengahlengiso kubo, kwakunye iimbono zonqulo ezikhoyo, izithethe, amasiko kunye njalo njalo. Le mbono "Impucuko" iye yaba ingqiqo mihla.

meaning

Ekuqaleni lwaqaliswa ukusetyenziswa iinkcuba ezinjalo ngenkulungwane XVIII, njengoko uVoltaire, AR Turgot kunye A. Ferguson. Eli gama livela kwisiLatini "civilis", gama elo elithetha "urhulumente abangekho." Noko ke, ngelo xesha wamnika ingqondo ngandlel 'ithile, limxinwa ngakumbi kunokuba ngoku. yonke imbali yoluntu, iphuma ibakala nezobundlobongela kunye ubuqaba ngaphandle kwisahlulo ngezigaba ezahlukeneyo, kummisela Ukukhanya.

Yintoni impucuko ekuqondeni yabantu banamhla, ichazwe kakuhle yi-mbali IsiNgesi kunye ngezentlalo Arnold Toynbee. Yena Wabufanisa esiphilayo, siyakwazi nokuzala ngokuqhubekekayo kwaye badlule umendo ukususela ekuzalweni ukuya ekufeni, waphula amanqanaba yokuzalwa, ukukhula, ukuchuma, ukuhla kunye nokufa.

Indlela entsha ukuqonda kwekota endala

Ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane XX, impucuko yanamhlanje iye kuthathwa ngenxa kuphuhliso namaqumrhu alo ngalinye lendawo. Xa Ngenxa izazinzulu ezo awohluke lweenkqubo zabo zentlalo, iimpawu zabantu abahlala kwiingingqi ezithile, ngokunjalo intsebenziswano yabo kwimeko yembali yehlabathi.

Sigaba uphuhliso impucuko kuqhelekile kwizizwe zonke ngaphandle kokukhetha, kodwa kwenzeka yonke ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Ukukhawuleziswa okanye Ukwehla ngesantya yayo ixhomekeke kwinani elikhulu yezizathu, phakathi leyo ebaluleke kakhulu imfazwe, iintlekele zemvelo, izifo, njalo-njalo. A inkalo efanayo ukuvela kwimpucuko ingongoma yabo uqale kucingwa ukuba utshintsho abantu bamandulo evela ekuzingeleni nokuloba, oko kukuthi, ukuselwa imveliso igqityiwe, nemveliso yayo, ezizezi, ezolimo kunye izilwanyana.

izigaba elandelayo yophuhliso yoluntu

Isigaba sesibini, ebandakanya imbali kwimpucuko luphawulwa ukuvela zodongwe nokubhala ngeendlela zakhe eselula, rhoqo kwakudala. Zombini kubonisa inkqubela esebenzayo, ebandakanya uluntu ethile. Inqanaba elilandelayo, enqamleza impucuko ihlabathi liya lisiba isixeko ngenkcubeko, ngenxa yoko, i ngakumbi uphuhliso olumandla yokubhala. Ngokusekelwe indlela nozilo uphuhliso kwezi kunye nezinye izinto zingahlulwa zibe abantu phambili kunye umva.

Ngoko ke, zonke ezi ngasentla inika uluvo jikelele yintoni yimpucuko na inkqubela wembali, yaye ziziphi iimpawu zayo eziphambili. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba kwihlabathi yenzululwazi akukho ndawo enye imbono kulo mbuzo, njengoko ebethi Scientist yenza iimpawu zaso, siqu kuphela engqondweni yakhe. Kwanaphezu umba yokwahlula impucuko kwi kwezolimo, kwimizi-mveliso, yaye sikhokelwa Indawo yabo indawo kunye iimpawu zoqoqosho, kukho izimvo ezahlukeneyo apho.

Ukuvela impucuko yamandulo

Enye imiba etshisa ibunzi lilinge ukuseka maxesha yokuzalwa kwempucuko nesayensi. Kukholelwa ukuba isixeko-United kweMilambo, owayebonakele entilini kweTigris kunye umEfrate, malunga namawaka amahlanu eminyaka eyadlulayo. Ithuba esifanayo umlando ukuvela impucuko yamandulo zaseYiputa. Thile emva, iimpawu impucuko wathabatha abantu abangabemi India, yaye malunga namawaka eminyaka kamva, wabonakala China. Inkqubela ngembali abantu abahlala kwelo xesha akwiiBalkan, wanika umfutho ukuvela ithi zamandulo zamaGrike.

Yonke impucuko yamandulo zehlabathi Kwavela ezintlanjeni yemilambo emikhulu efana neTigrisi, emlanjeni ongumEfrati, Nile, Indus, iGanges, iteksti, njalo-njalo. Bathi ngokuba "umlambo", nangeendlela ezininzi imbonakalo yazo ngenxa imfuneko ukuyila iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezininzi kwimimandla belima. Into ebalulekileyo imozulu. Njengoko umthetho, ithi yokuqala Kwavela imimandla yimvula sabutropikhi.

Ngokufanayo, uphuhliso impucuko yenzeka kwimimandla yonxweme. Oku ebizwa kwakhona ukuba umbutho kwemisebenzi kunye inani elikhulu labantu, kwaye impumelelo yeNavigeyishini negalelo ekusekweni ubudlelwane enkcubeko kunye norhwebo kunye nezinye iintlanga nezizwe. Waqala zotshintshiselwano ngenkcubeko, nto leyo wadlala indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso kwihlabathi lonke kwaye angalahlekelwa ukufaneleka kwayo namhlanje.

Umzabalazo woMntu okunxamnye nemvelo

impucuko enkulu yamandulo wehlabathi saveza intsokolo kunye neentlekele zendalo kunye neengxaki ezibangelwa yi-mphandle. Njengoko imbali ibonisa, abantu abasoloko uphume koyisa. Kukho imizekelo yentshabalalo yabantu lonke, abaye bazizisulu izinto olulwayo lwadamba. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula ukuba impucuko zohlobo kungcwatywa phantsi eluthuthwini lokutsha mlilo, kunye edume Atlantis, ubunyani uzama ukubonisa izazinzulu ukuba abaninzi abadumileyo.

iintlobo kwemiphakathi

Typology kwemiphakathi, oko kukuthi ukwahlulwa kwazo iintlobo, ikhutshwa phandle, ngokuxhomekeke kuhlobo intsingiselo ingqiqo ngokwayo. Noko ke, kule lesayensi ezotywe ngokwemimiselo ezifana umlambo, ulwandle kunye nempucuko entabeni. Ezi ziquka, ngokulandelelana, Egypt Ancient, iFenike kunye nolo lwamazwe Pre-Columbian America. Kwakhona kwiqela eyahlukileyo ukunyamezela impucuko yelizwekazi, mvisiswano leyo, kwelinye icala, yahlulwe kungena ephila kunye amavila. Ezi nje amacandelo eziyintloko typology. Enyanisweni, nganye kwezi ntlobo iye amaqela amaninzi ngakumbi.

izigaba Historical zophuhliso ngoluntu

Imbali ethile ebonisa ukuba yavela wegqitha ithuba lophuhliso, soloko ilandelwa lutshintsho lwemithetho iimfazwe loloyiso ngenxa apho, Isimanga, kuphuculwe inkqubo yolawulo kunye ubume eluntwini, bafikelele eneentyatyambo lwabo nokuvuthwa. Esi sigaba igcwele ingozi imbono ethile yokuba, njengokuba umthetho, uphuhliso qualitative ezikhawulezayo unika indlela eya ekulondolozweni zithuba oyisa, nto leyo nakanjani kubangela ukuba kungekho kukhula.

Hayi njalo ke ndaqonda luluntu. Amaninzi, oku kuthatha zikarhulumente ezifana indawo eliphezulu yophuhliso lwayo. Ukuziqhelisa, oku iba nentlekele kwezopolitiko nezoqoqosho, njengesiphumo apho kukho nezidubedube lwangaphakathi iyaphikisana inter-karhulumente. Njengoko umthetho, kokoma lingena singene kwiindawo ezifana ideology, inkcubeko, uqoqosho kunye nonqulo.

Ekugqibeleni, lo isiphumo yokunqaphela, ukutshatyalaliswa impucuko nentshabalalo yayo. Kweli nqanaba, kukho exacerbation iingxabano kwezentlalo nezopolitiko, isakhiwo buthathaka amandla neziphumo ezibi. Ngaphandle ezinqabileyo, onke amadoda lempucuko anihambanga ngale ndlela olunameva.

Ngaphandle inokuba ezo kuphela izizwana neentlanga zanyamalala ebusweni Umhlaba ngenxa yokuba, hayi izizathu kuphela ngaphandle ezingaphaya kolawulo lwabo. Umzekelo, ayehlasela Hyksos wabatshabalalisa iYiputa yamandulo, kwaye conquistadors Spanish aphelise le States of eMesoamerica. Kodwa, nkqu ezi meko, ukuqhuba olunzulu Uhlalutyo ingafunyanwa kwi zigaba yokugqibela yobomi ezilahlekileyo ephucuke iimpawu ezifanayo yokudodobala kunye ukubola.

wempucuko turnover kunye umjikelo wobomi babo

ngokujongisisa imbali yoluntu, kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba akusoloko ukufa impucuko ibandakanya ukutshatyalaliswa wabantu nenkcubeko yabo. Maxa wambi yinkqubo apho ukubola sasinempumelelo yenye nucleation. Owona mzekelo okuphawuleka impucuko yamaGrike wanika indlela eya yamaRoma, yaye indawo yayo yathathwa yi na impucuko yanamhlanje of Europe. Oku kunika izizathu ukuba bathethe malunga isakhono kwempucuko wobomi ngokuphindaphindiweyo ngokufanayo. Olu phawu kuba sisiseko uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili nobuntu kwaye inika ithemba ntuthuko inkqubo.

Ukushwankathela inkcazelo amanqanaba uphuhliso iintlanga, nezizwe, kufanele kuqatshelwe ukuba amathuba sesicatshulwa ngasentla yonke impucuko. Yintoni na ngokwemvelo yembali, umzekelo, xa kusehla iintlekele zemvelo, xa nakusekuqhwanyazeni kweliso uyakwazi ukutshintsha ikhondo layo? Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula Minoan impucuko kwi ukuphakama kweqonga kunye ukutshatyalaliswa mlilo ka Santorini.

uhlobo Eastern impucuko

Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela into yokuba iimpawu impucuko badla kuxhomekeka kwindawo yayo wejografi. Ukongezelela, kubaluleke kakhulu uneempawu yesizwe yabantu enza inani layo. Umzekelo, ukuba impucuko East izele unique, abayinqobo kuphela iimpawu zakhe. Eli gama iquka urhulumente ibekwe nje kuphela Asia kodwa e-Afrika, kwaye elikhulu wePasifiki.

impucuko Eastern kubume bayo owahlukeneyo. It lungohlulwa lube kuMbindi Mpuma, amaSilamsi, South Asia kunye Indo-China-Far East. Nangona iimpawu ngamnye ngamnye kubo, benza amaqashiso lemisebenzi esemqoka efanayo ukuba anike izizathu ukuba bathethe malunga umfuziselo ohlangeneyo eluntwini wasempuma.

Kulo mzekelo, eqhelekileyo ziimpawu ezifana amandla mda le-Elite ingenalo novelwano nje kuphela Sasungulwa uluntu ukuba xa nokungeniswa kwayo, kodwa kwakhona kwicandelo labucala; phakathi kwabo iingcibi egciniswe nabathengisi ezahlukeneyo. umlawuli ephakamileyo amandla kukarhulumente kucingwa ukuba kunikwa nguThixo bangcwaliswe unqulo. Phantse yonke impucuko Oriental ezi mpawu.

imodeli Western emphakathini

A eyahlukileyo ngokupheleleyo mfanekiso kwilizwekazi laseYurophu kwaye eMelika. Western impucuko, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba nokwenziwa imveliso, inkqubo kunye nenguqu iimpumelelo kobokuqala, wehla kwimbali. Isixhobo wayo neemvakalelo zonqulo abolekwe amaYuda, ilifa ububanzi yamaGrike bulumko kunye iqondo eliphezulu umbutho karhulumente, olusekelwe phezu komthetho wamaRoma.

Yonke impucuko yaseNtshona mihla lwakhelwe ifilosofi ubuKristu. Ngenxa yesi sizathu, ukususela kumaXesha Aphakathi, kwasekwa zokomoya zabantu, nto leyo yakhokelela iphezulu ifomu, ekuthiwa zobuntu yayo. Kwakhona igalelo elikhulu kuphuhliso inkqubela ihlabathi Koloni yeyona isayensi itshintshe yonke indlela yembali yehlabathi, kunye nokufezekisa amaziko inkululeko yezopolitiko.

impucuko Koloni nengqiqo ikhona, kodwa, ngokuchaseneyo ngeendlela esempuma ukucinga, nto iphawulwa ngolandelelwano ngokusekelwe nolwathi lwaphuhliswa izibalo kunye logic olusesikweni. Waye sisiseko sokuphuhlisa-sikhokelo esemthethweni karhulumente. main Umgaqo yaso ukukhonya kwamalungelo yomntu phezu iimfuno nemibutho yabasebenzi kunye noluntu. Ukutyhubela imbali yehlabathi kwakukho ukruthakruthwano of ephucuke kwisampula empuma nasentshona.

Lo mkhuba lwempucuko Russian

Xa kwinkulungwane XIX kumazwe umiwe abantu baseMpumalanga, ingcamango ubunye ngokusekelwe zoluntu yobuhlanga kweelwimi kunye, igama elithi 'impucuko Russian'. ithandwa enkulu wayekuthanda phakathi Slavophiles. Le nto igxininisa iimpawu yokuqala inkcubeko Russian kunye nembali, oko kandziyisa umahluko yabo iinkcubeko eQhelekileyo yaseMpuma kunye West, iye esifakelwe engile yayo imvelaphi kazwelonke.

Enye theoreticians impucuko Russian yaba mbali ezaziwayo-kakuhle kwaye ngezentlalo XIX kwekhulu NY Danilevsky. Kwiincwadi zakhe, yena kwangaphambili eWest sele idlule, ngokwembono yakhe, lo apogee wophuhliso lwawo, kufutshane kwelanga kunye nokufa. Russia, emehlweni akhe, waye etikitini inkqubela, kwaye oko yaba elizayo. aba bonke abantu baseMpumalanga phantsi umyalelo wayo ukuba bafikelele kakuhle kwezenkcubeko nakwezoqoqosho.

Phakathi abanegama uncwadi Russian kunye nempucuko waba nabaxhasi yayo bangi. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula FM Dostoevsky ngengcamango lakhe "UThixo-zithwele abantu" kunye nenkcaso ngayo ukuqonda yobu Christianity Western apho wabona ukuza Umchasi. Kwakhona abuna- ukukhankanya LN Tolstoy kunye iingcinga zakhe uluntu umlimi, sithembele ngokupheleleyo kwi yesiko Russian.

Kule minyaka ayizange ibuye iimbambano malunga nendlela impucuko inxulumene eRashiya, kunye yesazisi ezahluke. Abanye bathi ukuba yi kuphela uqi ngokuphuma yangaphandle, kunye ezinzulwini awo njengokubonisa kweenkqubo zehlabathi. Abanye efuna ngokuphuma yayo, gxininisa imvelaphi Eastern, uze ubone oko njengembonakaliso yoluntu East Slavic. Russophobes kumkhanyela ukohluka kwembali Russian.

A indawo ekhethekileyo kwimbali yehlabathi

Ukushiya le ngxoxo, makhe sihlolisise mbali abaninzi amanqugwala, iingcali zefilosofi, osiyazi iinkokeli zonqulo ixesha lethu bobabini kunye kwiminyaka edlulileyo, impucuko Russian lususwe endaweni ethile ngokupheleleyo, khetha ngayo kwicandelo ekhethekileyo. Phakathi kwabo kuqala wagxininisa ukohluka kweendlela ilizwe lakhe kwimbali yehlabathi ezifana abanegama njengoko Ivan Aksakov, FI Tiutchev, A. Khomyakov, Ivan kireev, kunye nabanye abaninzi.

Ngokuphathelene noku indawo ekuthiwa-Eurasians. Le indlela zefilosofi kunye nezopolitiko weza ke eko zenkulungwane lokugqibela. Ngokutsho kwabo, impucuko Russian ngumxube iimpawu yaseYurophu Asia. Kodwa Russia nokulungelelanisa kubo, ajike abe into eyahlukileyo. Kuyo, bona ukuza kwiseti elula yokuboleka. Kuphela nokulungelelanisa inkqubo enjalo, uthi Eurasians, kwaye kuthathelwa ingqalelo indlela kwimbali yelizwe lethu.

inkqubela Historical kunye nempucuko

Yintoni ngokukodwa wathabatha impucuko nemeko yezembali eyenza kube ukwenza? Ngokusekelwe yokuba ngeke isebenze ngexesha kunye nendawo, imfuno lihlolisisa, kuqala kwiinto zonke, ukuba enze umfanekiso ngokupheleleyo kwexesha imbali ikho. Noko ke, imbali ayikho into emile, esisigxina kwaye ukutshintsha ezinye amaxesha ezithile kuphela. Yena usoloko ihamba. Ngoko, nantoni na impucuko yehlabathi ifana umlambo - xa Ukufana imisele zabo lwangaphandle njalo ezintsha kunye mzuzu zonke uzaliswe umxholo ezahlukeneyo. Kungaba ngokupheleleyo ezantsi emathunjini, ephethe amanzi ayo amawaka amaninzi eminyaka, kwaye obmelet kwaye kumka nomoya.