Logic ezisesikweni kunye nemithetho yayo esisiseko

Logic - inzululwazi iindlela, imithetho kunye neendlela yokucinga. logic okuseSikweni sele iqulunqwe amaGrike amandulo, kudala ngaphambi kwexesha lethu. Yaba amaGrike bokuqala ekwakheni uluntu wentando yesininzi, apho izigqibo kunye nemithetho ezithatyathwe kwintlanganiso yoluntu. Baqamba inzululwazi abangekaphuhli kokuqhuba nezilingo. A Sasikuthanda lolutsha yeengcungcu waba iingxoxo kunye zobulumko. Ngenxa yoko uthando jikelele kuphuhliso yenzululwazi theoretical component. KwanamaGrike nje iimfundiso ngendlela ube bubungqina benzululwazi.

Ikhosi yokuqala iziseko ekuqiqeni yi Aristotle. Uthethe yokuba zonke iingxoxo zisekelwe phezu imithetho jikelele, nokuhluthwa leyo ekhokelela kwizigqibo eziphosakeleyo. Okusemthethweni logic Aristotle yayisekelwe mithetho:

1. Ukuba isigwebo kwi affirmative, yintoni ukwenza kubo nowokupheliswa ayikwazi mibi.
2. Ukuba omnye iingxelo lelikhabayo, kunye nesiphelo jikelele isoloko negative.

Ngoko kubonakala ukuba logic olusesikweni - kukwazi imigaqo nemithetho ngempumelelo, ulwakhiwo olufanelekileyo yokuqiqa ngokuphathelele ukuma ukwakhiwa kwayo (iindlela ukudibanisa amalungu ngamanye imiba jikelele).

Zonke nokuhlalisana izinto babe nolwalamano. Amakhonkco ungakhethi cala okanye luluvo, jikelele okanye labucala, kuyimfuneko okanye ngempazamo. Okubaluleke kakhulu kwezi ntambo zibizwa ngokuba mithetho. bonke zibonisa ubunyani enye, ngoko ke, akanakuze iyaphikisana. Yonke imithetho ingcamango yabantu ezinxulumene kunye nemithetho yendalo.

Imithetho ingqondo izinze uqhagamshelo lwangaphakathi phakathi iingcamango. Ukuba umntu akakwazi tie iingcinga zakhe, akazange eze kwisigqibo ekunene kwaye ayiyi kuba nako ukuzisa ngayo kwabanye.

Imithetho esisiseko ekuqiqeni olusesikweni - imithetho guquki, ngubani, phakathi ngaphandle kunye nomthetho ngesizathu ngokwaneleyo. Uphuhliso ezintathu zokuqala zezethu Aristotle Plato, nabokugqibela - Leibniz. Ukutyeshelwa le mithetho (ingakumbi ezintathu zokuqala) kukhokelela eziphikisanayo, iyenza nzima ukwahlula inyaniso ngobuxoki. umthetho yokugqibela imithetho ngaphantsi nokusetyenziswa kunomda nangakumbi.

imithetho Non-core ekuqiqeni - ezi imithetho neziphakamiso zokusebenza nesigama, nokufumana isiphelo okwenyaniso syllogism, ukwandisa amathuba yokuqiqa ezenza kunye nezigqibo traduktivnogo umlinganiswa.

Umthetho guquki kuthetha ukuba yokucinga ukuba ibe impikiswano, kodwa kufuneka zibonise umgangatho izinto ezithile.

Ngaphandle uMthetho eliphakathi umisela ukuba bafune phakathi kwingxelo ezimbini eziphikisanayo kodwa yinyani sesithathu, yaye ukuqonda inyaniso omnye kuphela kubo. Enye yeendima ephikisanayo - ngokuqinisekileyo yinyaniso.

umthetho ekuqiqeni esesikweni nesazisi uguqulela njengemfuneko okuchaneka yokucinga, okt phantsi nasiphi isigqibo ufuna ukuqonda kakuhle inkcazelo yayo kunye nentsingiselo. Kakuhle eli magama kunye namasiko abakwazi kunokuyigqwetha ngokuthanda.

umthetho ngesizathu eyaneleyo kukuba kwaukucinga lokwenyaniso kuyimfuneko zokuzigwebela zelinye iingcinga bokwenyaniso, kunye neengcamango zobuxoki zibe zingalunganga. Kuphuhliso izigwebo kufuneka ibonise ulwalamano kobude. Kuphela kulo mzekelo kukho ubungqina inokuthenjwa.

Ifom ubhalo zokucinga neendlela zokwahlula ezi ntlobo zonke iingcinga evakaliswe ngokwemigaqo ubhalo, eziquka igama elithi "kunye", "okanye", "ukuba ... emva koko ..." ukwalela "akunjalo ukuba" ( "no") , igama elithi "abanye", "bonke" ( "no"), iqela "umongo" (phakathi intsingiselo "na"), njl Chonga uhlobo ubhalo umgwebo nga baphazamiseke intsingiselo kwimigaqo ngqiqweni, ezifakwe kwi ibinzana ngomlomo kule umgwebo. Ngamanye amazwi, logic ngokusesikweni ichaza isakhiwo ingcamango. Le fom kusengqiqweni usoloko ulwazi nentsingiselo.

Kuxhomekeka iifom zazo beengcinga zahlulwe ngokweendidi: iingqiqo, exoxa nabantu, umgwebo. Concept - ingcamango yokuba generalizes izinto ngokusekelwe iimpawu zabo ezisisiseko. Isigwebo - lo mbono, emi phambi (ukungabikho) le meko. Lako - wacinga, ebonisa yokuqala ekufunyanweni kolunye ulwazi, ochazwa izigwebo enye ulwazi.