Slavophiles - it ... Imizila Philosophy. Slavophilism and Westernism

Malunga nama-40-50 iminyaka XIX kwinkulungwane kuluntu Russian ukwaba kabili - Slavophilism kunye Westernism. Slavophiles yakhuthaza ingcamango "indlela ekhethekileyo eRashiya", lo gama iqela zazo, abantu baseNtshona sathanda ukuba kufuneka uye emanyathelweni impucuko Western, ingakumbi kwiindawo lwesakhiwo yezentlalo, inkcubeko kunye nobomi yoluntu.

Uvelaphi la magama?

"Slavophiles" - ibinzana ezize imbongi odumileyo uKonstantin Batyushkov. Ngenxa yoko, igama elithi "Westernization" yokuqala ukuvela kwi kwinkcubeko Russian-40 kwinkulungwane yeshumi elinesithoba. Ngokukodwa, ingafunyanwa kwi "Memoirs" Ivana Panaeva. Amaxesha amaninzi, eli gama kwaqala ukuba kusetyenziswa emva 1840, xa kwakukho zahlukane Belinsky Aksakov.

History of inkangeleko Slavophilism

Slavophilic, Kakade ke, khange abonakale ngokuzenzekelayo "nje esithubeni". Oku lwandulelwe ixesha lonke uphando, ukubhala amaphepha enzululwazi eliqela iincwadi, ukufunda yenkuthalo kwimbali nenkcubeko yase Russia.

Kukholelwa ukuba xa kanye ekuqaleni, le meko bulumko yaba Archimandrite enguGabriyeli, okwabizwa ngokuba Vasiliy Voskresensky. Ngowe-1840 wapapasha e Kazan 'intanda-Russian ", leyo ngendlela yayo ukulinganisa kwamafama Slavophilism.

Noko ke, intanda-Slavophiles baqalisa ukuba kuvela kwixesha elithile kamva, ngexesha iimbambano zabantu kangangokuba kwavela ngokusekelwe sengxoxo "zefilosofi Letter" Chaadaev. Amarhamente kule ndawo kwakukhona kwindlela lomntu, indlela eyahlukileyo sophuhliso nembali Russia kunye nabantu Russian, yahluke kuyaphi umendo Western eYurophu. Ngokutsho Slavophiles, yesazisi Russian kwindawo yokuqala kukungabikho umzabalazo yeklasi kwimbali yayo, ezweni kuluntu Russian kunye ookopolotyeni, kwakunye kwi Orthodox e kuphela ubuKristu bokwenyaniso.

Development Slavophil flow. Imiba ephambili

Xa nenani-1840. Slavophilic ngakumbi eqhelekileyo eMoscow. Iingqondo imeko bahlanganisana kule zokuzilungisa boncwadi Elagina, uPauline, Sverbeevyh - kulapha ukuba sikhe sithethe nabanye yaye iingxoxo nesidlamkileyo baseNtshona.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba imisebenzi kunye imisebenzi Slavophiles nabakhathazwa iSABC, ezinye ntliziyo nasemehlweni yamapolisa, kwaye abanye bade babanjwa. Kungenxa oku ixesha elide abazange babe impapasho esisigxina yaye wabeka amanqaku bakhe kunye namanqaku ikakhulu kumaphepha phephancwadi "Moskvityanin". Emva Ukudambisa kwenxenye imingcele kwi 50 Slavophils waqala ukupapasha iimagazini zabo ( "mahle lwasemaPhandleni", "incoko Russian") kunye namaphephandaba ( "Sail," udaba ").

Russia kufuneka ufunde nokwamkela iintlobo kwezopolitiko Western - oku beqiniseka zonke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, i Slavophiles. Oku, Noko ke, akuzange kumthintele ukuba siqwalasele kuyimfuneko kuphuhliso esebenzayo lwamashisini kunye norhwebo, zebhanki kunye noshishino equity, ukuqaliswa koomatshini mihla kwezolimo kunye nokwakhiwa kololiwe. Ukongeza, i-Slavophiles yamkele ingcamango ukupheliswa serfdom "phezulu" kunye namalungiselelo olusisinyanzelo iziza ilizwe Sasungulwa uluntu.

ingqalelo kakhulu yahlawulwa unqulo ngayo Slavophiles izimvo babezalana kakhulu ngokusondeleyo. Ngokwembono yabo, ukholo lwenene, elafikayo eRashiya ukusuka eMpuma Church, sicacisa, umsebenzi okhethekileyo unique yembali yabantu Russian. Loo wamasiko namasiko, inkqubo loluntu iza kuvumela ukwenza iziseko zinzulu umphefumlo Russian.

Ngokubanzi, abantu Slavophiles waqonda ngaphakathi romanticism endala. Uphawu ngenxa kwabo kwakukho idealization kwemigaqo traditionalism kunye solusapho. Ngaxeshanye kunye koko, Slavophiles bafuna ukukhokela nezazi ukusondela ngakumbi abantu abaqhelekileyo, uphononongo yobomi bemihla ngemihla kunye nobomi bemihla ngemihla, ulwimi kunye nenkcubeko.

abameli Slavophilism

Ngenkulungwane XIX, ababhali abaninzi, oosonzululwazi kunye iimbongi Slavophiles babesebenza eRashiya. Abameli le ulwalathiso bafanelwe ingqalelo ekhethekileyo - Khomyakov, Aksakov, Samarin. Slavophiles avelele Chizhov, Koshelev, Belyaev, Valuev, Lamanskii, Hilferding kunye Cherkassy.

Ngokwaneleyo kufutshane kule ndawo Outlook Ababhali Ostrovsky, Tiutchev, Ingqumbo yeminyanya, iiLwimi, Grigoriev.

Sinokuhlonela nomdla iingcamango Slavophilism ngayo kwiilwimi ehloniphekileyo kunye ngembali - Bodyansky, Grigorovich, Buslaev.

Imbali legqwetha baseNtshona

Slavophilism and Westernism ukuba malunga eli xesha, yaye ngenxa yoko, cinga ezi imisinga bulumko ezifunekayo entsonkothileyo. Westernism Slavophilism njengoko eyahlukileyo - yiyo ulwalathiso Russian ingcinga zentlalo bondage, nayo kwavela 40 lwekhulu XIX.

yesiseko yoqobo lombutho ngenxa abameli le meko yaba Moscow zokuzilungisa boncwadi. iingxoxo eceleni esenzeka kubo, ngokucacileyo kwaye ngokwenene kuboniswe "elidlulileyo yam Thoughts," Herzen.

flow uphuhliso Westernized. Imiba ephambili

Intanda-Slavophiles kwaye abaseNtshona zahluke kakhulu. Ngokukodwa, imisebenzi ngokubanzi ye-ngcinga baseNtshona ziquka ukulahlwa categorical kwenkqubo serf feudal kwezopolitiko, uqoqosho kunye nenkcubeko. Bona ayexhasa ekuqhubeni iinguqu entlalo-qoqosho imodeli Koloni.

Abameli abantu baseNtshona ayekholelwa ukuba isoloko okunokwenzeka ngenxa yokusekwa yoohlohlesakhe-wentando yesininzi urhulumente ngeendlela zoxolo, iindlela ze nemfundo. kakhulu bayazazisa Ushintsho lwenziwa yi Peter I, Ndakugqala ke umsebenzi wabo ukuguqula kwaye enze izimvo zoluntu ngendlela yokuba ukumkani kwanyanzeleka ukwenza iinguqulelo yongxowankulu.

Abantu baseNtshona babekholelwa ukuba ukuze woyise loo backwardness kwezoqoqosho nezentlalo Russia kufuneka ibe ngendleko inkcubeko yemveli, kodwa ngenxa amava laseYurophu, lo kudala-phambili. Kulo mzekelo, abazange akugxininisi umahluko phakathi West neRashiya, kodwa yonke, leyo wayekhona isiphelo zenkcubeko nezembali zabo.

Kumanqanaba okuqala baseNtshona nefilosofi ngokukodwa kuchatshazelwa yi imisebenzi Schiller, Schilling kunye Hegel.

Split abantu baseNtshona-40 phakathi. XIX kwekhulu

Ngeminyaka yoo-novalo kwinkulungwane XIX kwakukho liqhekeke ibalulekileyo baseNtshona bume. Kwathi emva Granovsky imbambano, kunye Herzen. Umphumo waba imiyalelo ezimbini Westernized Intsingiselo: i-melo kunye revolution-yedemokhrasi.

Isizathu zisala umahluko ngokuphathelele unqulo. Ukuba benkululeko wasivuna le mfundiso yokungafi komphefumlo, i Democrats, ke, zaye zisekelwe kwisikhundla sokuba eziphathekayo kunye Thixo.

Ezahlukeneyo izimvo zabo malunga iindlela zokulungisa izimilo eRashiya kunye nophuhliso post-yotshintsho karhulumente. Ngoko ke, Democrats wakhuthaza ingcamango yomzabalazo olululo ukuze phambili ulwakhiwo socialism.

Impembelelo enkulu phezu kwizimvo baseNtshona kweli thuba imisebenzi Comte, Feuerbach, kunye Saint-Simon.

Kweli xesha post-izimilo iimeko zophuhliso jikelele nkulu Westernism kwaphela tu indlela ekhethekileyo yokucinga lwentlalo.

abameli baseNtshona

Le Isangqa original Moscow abaseNtshona baba Granovskii, Hertzen, Korsch, Ketscher, Botkin, Ogarev Cavelin kunye t. D. wayethetha esondeleyo ekubeni isangqa Belinsky, owayehlala eSt Petersburg. Iziveze baseNtshona kunye nombhali onesiphiwo Ivan Sergeevich Turgenev.

Emva koko kwenzeka 40 ephakathi. Annenkov waqhekeza, Korsch, Cavelin, Granovsky kunye nezinye iinkokheli wahlala ecaleni benkululeko, ke Herzen, Belinsky kunye Ogarev eyeke ukuya Democrats.

Unxibelelwano phakathi Slavophiles and abaseNtshona

Kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba ezi bulumko bazalwa ngexesha elinye, abasunguli zabo abameli besizukulwana efanayo. Ngaphezu koko - yaye abantu baseNtshona kunye Slavophiles weza evela omnye zentlalo bume eyayithanda kwezinye izangqa.

Abalandeli zombini mbono onxibelelana rhoqo kunye nabanye. Kwaye sonxibelelwano usoloko ayiphelelanga ugxekwa: bezifumana kwintlanganiso, esangqeni enye, zifumaneka kaninzi kwi ingcinga abachasi enzululwazi yeengcinga zabo into kufutshane kwindawo yabo ngayo.

Ngokubanzi, iimbambano ezininzi kwelona nqanaba liphezulu yenkcubeko - iqela benikana ngentlonelo phulaphula ngenyameko kwelinye icala, efuna ukunika ekuncedeni egameni yezikhundla zabo.

Ukufana phakathi Slavophiles and abaseNtshona

Zamadoda ehlukanisiwe kamva abantu baseNtshona Democrats, waza owokuqala, owesibini kwaye sibone imfuneko yokuba iinguqu eRashiya kunye ukusombulula iingxaki ezikhoyo ngoxolo, ngaphandle revolutions kwegazi. Slavophiles wayitolika ngendlela yazo ekhethekileyo, unamathela imibono 'endala, kodwa yabona imfuneko yokutshintsha.

Kukholelwa ukuba sengqondo unqulo yenye yeengxaki ibunzi iingxabano ezizinzululwazi phakathi abaxhasi yemibono ezahlukeneyo. Noko ke, ubulungisa, kubalulekile ukukhumbula ukuba umba yabantu edlalwe kule indima ebaluleke gqitha. Ngoko ke, iimbono Slavophiles zaye isekelwe kwingcamango yokomoya yabantu Russian, isondele nokuthobela kobuOthodoki engqongqo zonke izithethe zonqulo. Ngelo xesha linye i-Slavophiles ngokwabo, inkoliso yabo - weza evela kwiintsapho wempangelo azisoloko kulandelwe izithethe zeCawa. AbaseNtshona kwakhona musa ukukhuthaza elabo ngokugqithiseleyo umntu, nangona amanye amalungu akhoyo (a umzekelo ocacileyo -. P. Ya Chaadaev) bakholwa ngokunyanisekileyo ukuba ngokomoya yaye, ingakumbi, yinxalenye ye Russia Orthodox. Phakathi abameli zombini iintsingiselo thaca abakholwayo akekho.

Bekukho abo bangazange babe nayiphi na kwezi ntsingiselo, zodidi pine wesithathu ukushiyelela. Umzekelo, V. S. Solovov kwiincwadi zakhe, waphawula ukuba isisombululo obanelisayo kwimiba engundoqo yabantu nangoku abuyi kufunyanwa mhlawumbi eMpuma okanye kwi West. Oku kuthetha ukuba umsebenzi ndawonye onke, ngaphandle kokukhetha, imikhosi esebenzayo lobuntu, ukuphulaphula omnye komnye, kunye kufutshane nempumelelo kunye nobukhulu. Soloviev wayekholelwa ukuba abantu baseNtshona "olunyulu" kunye Slavophiles "ezihlambulukileyo" - sinqongophele kwaye abantu akakwazi umgwebo njongo.

Ngamafuphi

AbaseNtshona kwaye Slavophiles, iimbono eziphambili esifunde ngazo kweli nqaku, enyanisweni, yaba utopians. AbaseNtshona yengxoxo indlela amazwe yophuhliso, ubuchwepheshe yaseYurophu, badla silibale malunga awohluke of nomqondo Russian kunye umahluko ubudala ubudala kwingcingane le asentshona Russian. Slavophiles, ke, badumisa umfanekiso abantu Russian, babetyekele idealize kurhulumente, umfanekiso kumkani Orthodox. Abo nabanye musa uqaphele ugrogriso revolution, yaye de kutshanje wayenethemba ukusombulula iingxaki iinguqu, ngendlela enoxolo. Winner kule mfazwe olungenasiphelo yembono bekela ayinakwenzeka, ngokuba iimbambano malunga ukuchaneka kwindlela anyuliweyo yophuhliso eRashiya aliyeki unanamhla.