Intsingiselo ebomini bomntu. Yintoni injongo yobomi babantu? intsingiselo ingxaki ubomi bomntu

Yintoni injongo yobomi babantu? Abantu abaninzi ngamaxesha onke wacinga ngalo mba. Kuba abathile, ingxaki intsingiselo yobomi bomntu akakho hlobo, umntu ubona eyona yokuba imali, umntu - abantwana, umntu - emsebenzini, njl Kungokwemvelo ukuba lo mba badideke futhi enkulu kweli hlabathi: ababhali, iingcali zefilosofi kunye kwengqondo. Ke zanikezelwa kulo nyaka, wabhala nezinkulu wafunda imisebenzi langaphambili, njalo njalo. Wathini bathi ngaloo nto? Yintoni intsingiselo yobomi yaye wabona ezenzeka ebantwini? Makhe sihlolisise ezinye iingongoma lwembono, kusenokuba negalelo ukuyilwa iingxaki zabo umbono wakhe.

On udaba lilonke

Ngoko ke, yintoni injongo yobomi babantu? Kunye zo Mpuma kunye zobulumko ngokupheleleyo amaxesha ahlukeneyo ukuzama ukufumana impendulo kuphela echanekileyo lo mbuzo, kodwa ndabulaleka. Wonke umntu ukucinga nako ukumelana nale ngxaki, yaye ukuba bayakwazi ukufumana isisombululo ekunene thina, siya kuzama ubuncinane ukuya sizathu kunye nokuqonda encinane nesihloko. Kufutshane kangangoko ukuphendula umbuzo wokuba yintoni injongo yobomi babantu? Ukuze wenze oku, kufuneka bazigqibele ngokwabo le njongo, injongo ngobukho bayo. Kuxhomekeke ofuna ukuphumeza kwixesha elithile indlela yabo yokuphila iza kutshintsha, kwaye intsingiselo yobomi bomntu. Kulula ukuqonda kunye umzekelo. Ukuba uzimisele ukuba ngokwayo kwiminyaka engama-20, siye sagqiba ekubeni senze into eninzi imali, oko kukuthi, wabeka umsebenzi onjalo phambi kwakhe, koko ukuthenga ngalunye yimpumelelo uziva ukuba kokuba ezele intsingiselo, luya kukhula kuphela. Noko ke, emva kweminyaka 15-20 uya kubona ukuba wayesebenza i ukubila ngokuncama ubomi bakhe buqu, ezempilo, njalo njalo Loko yonke le minyaka zisenokubonakala engenanjongo, ukuba ophilileyo, ukuba aye kuthetha kuphela inxalenye. Zeziphi kulo mzekelo kunokwenziwa isigqibo? Loo ubomi bomntu kufuneka abe nenjongo (kulo mzekelo - intsingiselo), bekuza nakuba.

Ngaba uphila ngaphandle intsingiselo?

Ukuba umntu akanayo injongo ebomini, nto leyo ithetha ukuba akukho ezixhasayo lwangaphakathi, kwaye loo nto yenza ukuba buthathaka. Ukunqongophala njongo awuvumeli ukuba ikamva lawo ezandleni zabo ukulwa nobunzima neengxaki, ukuba sizabalazela into, njalo njalo Umntu ngaphandle nemvo ubomi lula ulawulo, ekubeni akanayo i iikhrayitheriya uluvo, amabhongo, ubomi. Kwiimeko ezinjalo, iminqweno yabo indawo ngomnye umntu, ebangela ukubandezeleka umntu akavumelekanga ukubonisa iitalente ezifihliweyo kunye namandla. Iingcali zengqondo zithi xa umntu akafuni okanye awukwazi ukufumana indlela yabo, loo njongo, injongo, oko kukhokelela nezifo, ukudakumba, butywala, ngamakhoboka eziyobisi, ukuzibulala. Ngoko ke, wonke umntu kufuneka ukhangele intsingiselo ebomini babo, nokuba engaqondanga, ukuba sizabalazela into, into silinde, njl

Lithetha ukuthini intsingiselo ifilosofi yokuphila?

Kwintanda-bulumko intsingiselo yobomi babantu sixelele kakhulu, ngoko lo mbuzo uye wema kwindawo yokuqala yale inzululwazi kunye nabalandeli bayo kunye nabalandeli. Zobulumko kangangamawaka eminyaka sesenze iinjongo ukuba oko kuyimfuneko lokuzabalazela, eminye imithetho yobukho, apho amaphiko kunye impendulo yombuzo obungunaphakade.

1. Ukuba, umzekelo, ukuthetha bulumko yamandulo, injongo ukuba uEpicurus wabona ukholiswa ukwamkelwa, uAristotle - ukuphumeza ulonwabo Ukwazi yehlabathi nabacinga, uDiogenes - in nokufuna uxolo lwangaphakathi, nokukhanyela usapho kunye nobugcisa.

2. Kumbuzo intsingiselo yobomi bomntu, kwintanda-bulumko kumaXesha Aphakathi wanikela le mpendulo: kufuneka khangela Wena ngaphandle izinyanya ukwamkela iinkolo kwexesha, ukudlulisa zonke bobempunde.

3. Abameli bulumko kwiinkulungwane 19-20 naye amehlo akhe phezu ngxaki. Irrationalists wabona kakuhle ukuba intsokolo ngokufa, ukubandezeleka; existentialists babekholelwa ukuba intsingiselo yobomi babantu buxhomekeke kuye; i positivists akacinga le umba nantsingiselo, ekubeni lubonakaliswa yinto.

Ukutolikwa ukusuka kwindawo mbono ngenkolo

nguva yin'wana ni yin'wana yembali edalwa kwimingeni uluntu kunye neengxaki isisombululo leyo kakhulu ukuba mhlawumbi kukho nefuthe ngqo kwi uyayiqonda indlela umntu ikamva lakhe. Ekubeni iimeko ukutshintsha ubomi, iimfuno zenkcubeko nezentlalo, Kakade ke, ukuba utshintsho kunye neembono yabantu yonke imiba. Noko ke, abantu besisoloko sinqwenela ukufumana elikhethekileyo, ngoko ukuthetha, intsingiselo jikelele yobomi, ingaba oko kumlungele na yonke umaleko yoluntu, ixesha lokuphumla ngasinye. Lo mnqweno efanayo kuboniswa kuzo zonke iinkonzo, kubandakanywa ubuKristu, nto wabalasela. Ingxaki intsingiselo yobomi bomntu kuthathwa ubuKristu alohlukaniswa imfundiso ekudalweni kwehlabathi, ngoThixo, malunga ukuwa yombingelelo kaYesu, usindiso ke lwemiphefumlo. Oko kukuthi, zonke ezi zinto zibonakala ngayo indiza, ngokulandelelana, amelwe undoqo yokuba bubomi ngokwayo.

Ingcamango "elite ingqondo"

Intsingiselo-bulumko yobomi bomntu, ukuba ngqo - abanye abalandeli bayo, kuqwalaselwe kodwa enye ingongoma umdla ngayo. Ngamaxesha athile izimvo lezi ngalo mba, apho kulinywa ingcamango "elite ingqondo", eyenzelwe ukukhusela lonke uluntu yamehlo ngokuthi familiarizing imilinganiselo yayo zenkcubeko ngokomoya. Umzekelo, Nietzsche wayekholelwa ukuba undoqo ebomini kukuba wazalelwa buchopho, abantu abanetalente abaye uwuphakamisile abantu elula ukuya kwinqanaba labo, anqunyulwe ezingqondweni yokulahlwa rhoqo. Le mbono ofanayo kwabelwana Karl Jaspers. Wayeqinisekile ukuba abameli ukhomba bangaboMoya kuba umlinganiselo njengomzekelo bonke abanye abantu.

Oko ikuthethayo hedonism?

Wabaseki le ngcamango - zobulumko zamandulo zamaGrike - uEpicurus kunye Aristippus. yasho Last ukuba uyolo ngokwasemzimbeni nangokomoya - ukuze kuxhamle ngamnye, ekufuneka kakuhle zivavanywe, ngokulandelelana, ingqumbo - embi. Ukanti kunqweneleka ukuba axhamle kunokuba yomelele. imfundiso uEpicurus 'kulo mba sele igama. Wathi bonke ubomi ingqalelo iziyolo, ukuba neenjongo ezifanayo kunye nabani na. Noko ke, yena ufumana ubumnandi kuphela zenyama, umzimba, kodwa ngokomoya.

Imfundiso utilitarianism

Olu hlobo hedonism yaphuhliswa bulumko esisiseko Bentham kunye Mill. Okokuqala, njengokuba uEpicurus wayekholelwa ukuba intsingiselo yobomi kunye nolonwabo yabantu - ukufumana kuphela ukuzonwabisa nomnqweno yona, yaye ukuphepha yentuthumbo nokubandezeleka. Wayekholelwa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwiimpawu nga ngokwezibalo ukubala uhlobo oluthile ukuzonwabisa okanye onomsindo. A nokwakhiwa Iphepha yabo eseleyo, sinokufumanisa senzo siya kuba yintoni embi, ezinye - elungileyo. Mill, awamnika igama layo emlanjeni, wabhala ukuba isenzo negalelo kulonwabo, ngoko uba ngokuzenzekela HIV. Kwaye ukuba imangalelwe nokuzingca, sobulumko wathi kubalulekile nje kuphela, uyolo lomntu, kodwa ezingqonge kwakhe.

Izichaso ukuba hedonism

Ewe, abo baba, beliqela. Kakuhle eli isichaso yangempela kukuba hedonists kunye utilitarians ukubona intsingiselo yobomi babantu yokufuna ukuzonwabisa. Noko ke, njengoko kuboniswa ngamava, loo mntu wenza isenzo, musa basoloko becinga apho kukhokelela: kulonwabo okanye ukubandezeleka. Ngaphezu koko, ngabom abantu benze izinto ezaziwa ukuba ezinxulumene nzima, ukungcungcuthekiswa, ukufa, ukuze kuphunyezwe iinjongo ukuba kude bazisebenzise. Umntu ngamnye wahlukile. Isibakala sokuba umntu ulonwabo abanye - sentuthumbo.

Ngokunzulu bagxeka Kant hedonism. Wathi ukuba ulonwabo apho wavakalisa hedonists - ingcamango eqhelekileyo kakhulu. Nganye imelwe ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo. Intsingiselo kunye nexabiso lobomi bomntu, ngokutsho Kant, banqwenela nganye ukuphuhlisa ukuthanda elungileyo. Indlela kuphela ukugqibelela, ukuzalisekisa umsebenzi yokuziphatha. Ukuba umyolelo, umntu ziya kuthanda kwabo izenzo, athi abenoxanduva ikamva layo.

Intsingiselo yobomi babantu iincwadi Tolstoy LN

Umbhali omkhulu nje kuphela kubonakala, kodwa Encyclopaedia lo mba. Ekugqibeleni, uTolstoy weza wafikelela kwisigqibo sokuba injongo yobomi kuphela ukulinywa ubuntu. Kwakhona Wayeqinisekile ukuba raison d'être lo mntu unako kufunwe ngokwahlukileyo hayi evela kwabanye, ukususela kuluntu luphela. UTolstoy wathi ukuze singahamba kakuhle, kufuneka rhoqo silwe, neqwengiweyo, bedidekile, ngokuba ukuzola - a ubukrwada. Kungenxa yoko le nto inxalenye engakhiyo umphefumlo boxolo, kodwa ukuqonda akabi ukuba impumelelo ofisa ezinxulumene ilahleko konke okulungileyo kwaye okulungileyo okungaphakathi komntu.

Ingongoma-bulumko ezinokuchazwa ngeendlela ezahlukeneyo zobomi, oku zisekelwe kwizinto ezininzi, ngexesha elithile. Xa siqwalasela neemfundiso umbhali enkulu bulumko, ezifana Tolstoy, ngoko ithi oku kulandelayo. Phambi kokuba isigqibo ngenjongo yobukho, kubalulekile ukuqonda oko ubomi. Wangena kuyo yonke inkcazelo ngelo xesha sobomi, kodwa abazange abayi kuwuhluthisa ngayo kuye, kuba lunciphisa zonke kuphela ubukho begazi. Nangona kunjalo, ubomi bomntu, ngokutsho Tolstoy, kunokwenzeka ngaphandle imiba yokuziphatha, esilungileyo. Ngaloo ndlela, a moralist ethwele bubuntu ubomi kwinqanaba yokuziphatha. Emva kokuba uTolstoy yajika kwabantu, nonqulo ithemba lokufumana ingqiqo, ekuthi kujongwe ukuba wonke umntu, kodwa watsho phantsi.

Into enokuthethwa ke kule ncwadi basekhaya angaphandle?

Kule ndawo, inani leendlela kule ngxaki kunye neembono, kungekho ngaphantsi kwe-bulumko. Nangona ababhali ezininzi kwaye wenza njengoko-sobulumko, wathetha ngalo ongunaphakade.

Ngoko ke, omnye omdala na ingqikelelo yeNtshumayeli. Ithetha malunga ingamampunge akalutho yobukho bomntu. Ngokutsho INtshumayeli, ubomi - oku bububhanxa, ububhanxa, ububhanxa. Kwaye la macandelo ekubeni njengabasebenzi, amandla, uthando, ubutyebi, akukho ntsingiselo. Oku kuyafana nokusukelana nomoya. Ngokubanzi, wayekholelwa ukuba akukho ingqondo ebomini bomntu apho.

sobulumko Russian Kudryavtsev e ngodaba yakhe wabeka phambili ingcamango otsho umntu ngamnye ingqiqo yabo yokuba. Uyagxininisa kuphela yokuba zonke enizibonileyo injongo kuphela "phezulu", kunokuba "phantsi" (imali, iziyolo, njalo njalo)

sazi Russian Dostoevsky, owayesoloko 'ndicinge ukuba i "imfihlelo umphefumlo womntu, ingqalelo ukuba intsingiselo yobomi bomntu - in ukuziphatha kwakhe.

Intsingiselo wobomi bengqondo

Freud, umzekelo, wayekholelwa ukuba eyona nto iphambili ebomini - sonwabe, ukuze ufumane uyolo ubuninzi kunye nolonwabo. Kuphela ezi zinto lula, kodwa umntu ecinga ngenjongo yobomi - abagula ngengqondo. Kodwa umfundi wakhe, UErich Fromm, wayekholelwa ukuba umntu akakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle intsingiselo. Kufuneka ukuba ngabom ukufikelela kuzo zonke ezintle uzalise le khona. Umsebenzi Frankl lo mbono kwi ndawo iphambili. Ngokutsho imfundiso yakhe, phantsi kwazo naziphi na iimeko kubomi umntu akakwazi ukubona ubukho iinjongo. Kwaye unako ukufumana intsingiselo ngeendlela ezintathu: enyanisweni, xa amava, phambi kwindawo ethile kwiimeko zobomi.

Kwaye ukuba kukho eneneni injongo yobomi babantu?

Kweli nqaku, siza kuyihl 'amahlongwane le mba ngonaphakade ningayisondezi ingxaki intsingiselo yobomi bomntu. Philosophy kule ngxelo ayithethi ukunika impendulo, ezinye embodiments inikezwe ngasentla. Kodwa ke elowo kuthi ubuncinane kanye kodwa malunga meaningfulness lokususwa yayo. Ngokomzekelo, ngokutsho kwabantu, malunga nama-70% abemi behlabathi uphile ubomi bentshontsho, ixhala. Kwathi kanti, abazange bafune intsingiselo ubukho babo, kodwa wayefuna ukuba asinde. Kwaye yintoni? Kwaye ke isingqisho fussy kunye ukubuxhalela ubomi - ngenxa ukuthingaza ukuqonda ubuncinane endizimbeleyo kulo mbandela. Kangangoko sizifihla ingxaki isekhona. Ababhali, zefilosofi, iinkcuba bafuna iimpendulo. Xa sihlalutya zonke iziphumo, sinako ukuza ngokwamasiko ezintathu. Masenze ukuzama ukwenza intsingiselo thina?

umgwebo lokuqala: yenza Akukho ingqiqo kwaye ngeke

Oku kuthetha ukuba nawuphi na umzamo ukufumana injongo - kahle deadlock, ukuzeyisa inkohliso. Le ngcamango esezandleni zobulumko ezininzi, kuquka Jean-Pol Sartr, owathi ukuba thina sonke balinde ukufa ezayo, akukho injongo ebomini, kuba zonke iingxaki ziya kuhlala ingasonjululwanga. Udideke kwaye enerisekanga ekufuneni inyaniso wahlala njengoko Pushkin, P. Vyazemsky, Omar Khayyam. Kufuneka ke ukuba indawo enjalo zokwamkelwa obungenanjongo ubomi ukhohlakele kakhulu, asinguye wonke umntu nokuba nako ukusinda kuyo. Kukhulu yobuntu oluchasene kulo mbono. Kumsitho into elandelayo.

isiphakamiso yesibini: intsingiselo, kodwa wonke umntu unendlela yakhe

Abayithandayo yale mbono agcine ukuba intsingiselo, kunoko, oko kufuneka, ngoko ke kufuneka ukuba beze nayo. Esi sigaba sibandakanya kulinyathelo elibalulekileyo - umntu uyayeka ukubaleka ngokwakhe, umele uvume akakwazi kuba nantsingiselo ukuba ndingokhoyo. Kule sikhundla umntu phandle ngokunokwayo. Kaloku, ukuba lo mbuzo kwakhona kwaye kwakhona, musa usaziwa, isindayo kuyo. Nceda uqaphele ukuba ukuba siyamkele into efana ongenangqondo, senjenjalo thina yaye ubungqina semthethweni kunye nelungelo lokuba kukho intsingiselo kanye. Sele zonke ezilungileyo. Noko ke, abameli nale mbono, nokuba ukuqaphela wamkele lo mbuzo, ayikwazanga ukufumana impendulo iphela. Ngoko yonke into waya ngokwimiselo "wavuma -. Owavela ngokwam" Kubomi baninzi kangaka iindlela, ungakhetha nawuphi na kubo. Schelling wathi yena unoyolo lowo injongo kwaye oku intsingiselo bonke ubomi. Umntu nale sikhundla iya kuba ukuzama ukufumana intsingiselo ezintweni zonke, iziganeko ezenzeka kuye. Umntu babuyele inzuzo eziphathekayo, umntu - kwimpumelelo kwezemidlalo, umntu - intsapho. Kaloku kungcono ninikane ukuba ingqiqo jikelele ngenxa yokuba kungekho, ngoko yonke i "mvo" - yintoni leyo? A lamaqhinga kukugubungela obungenanjongo? Ke ukuba niphikele eqhelekileyo ingqiqo ngasinye, apho umntu ayifumane? Siphendu- le ngongoma yesithathu.

isigwebo wesithathu

Kwaye kuvakala ngathi le: kukho ingqiqo khona kwethu, nokuba kwazekayo, kodwa ke kuphela emva kokuba nazi ngubani na ukuba kwadalwa. Apha kuya kuba emibuzo afanelekileyo ayikho malunga intsingiselo yobomi bomntu, nokuba oko ufuna yona. Mna ke ebilahlekile. Anengqondo elula. Wenza isono, umntu uye walahlekelwa. Kwaye musa ukuza apha kwintsingiselo, kufuneka nje ukwazi uMdali kwakhona. Nditsho sobulumko kunye kuTixo Rassel Bertran wathi xa ubani ngaphandle ubukho bukaThixo, akukho nto konke konke ukukhangela intsingiselo, akusoze. isigqibo Bold umntu ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo.

Iimpendulo zixhaphakileyo

Ukuba ucela umntu ngentsingiselo ubukho bakhe, kusenokwenzeka ukuba omnye ngeempendulo zilandelayo. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

In zizale. Ukuba kunjalo uphendule umbuzo malunga ngenjongo yobomi, ngaloo ndlela ebonisa ubuze umphefumlo wakhe. Uhlala ngenxa yabantwana? Ukuba ubafundise ezinyaweni zawo? Kwaye ke yintoni? Ngoko, xa abantwana bakhule kwaye ushiye indlwane ezimnandi? Mhlawumbi uthi ukuba ufundise ngabazukulwana. A yintoni? Ngoko ke bona, naye, naye akukho njongo ebomini, wahamba ngezangqa? Zizale - yenye misebenzi, kodwa akukho jikelele.

Kule phepha. Kuba abantu abaninzi, iiplani elizayo enxulumene umsebenzi. Uya kusebenza nzima, kodwa yintoni? Ukondla iintsapho zabo, umambese? Ewe, kodwa oku akwanelanga. Xa xiya ngokwayo? Too, akwanelanga. Nkqu zobulumko zamandulo ngelithi ukuba akuyi kuba umsebenzi ixesha elide ukukholisa, ukuba akukho ingqiqo ebomini.

Nobumnandi. Abantu abaninzi bakholelwa ukuba ukuqokelela imali - okubaluleke ulonwabo ebomini. Iba, kunokutshiseka. Kodwa ukuba aphile ngokupheleleyo, musa mfuneko ubutyebi enkulu. Kubonakala ukuba ukuze enze imali rhoqo ukuze imali - ingamampunge. Ingakumbi xa loo mntu isizathu sokuba ubutyebi bakhe. Imali ingaba kuphela sisixhobo ukuphunyezwa intsingiselo yalo, injongo.

Khona ukuze umntu. Oku igcwele ngakumbi intsingiselo, nangona efanayo ukusa kwinqanaba lokuba abantwana. Kakade ke, ukukhathalela umntu - ke kungobabalo, ukhetho olufanelekileyo, kodwa azanelanga for self-zokuqonda.

Kufuneka wenze ntoni, njani ukuze ufumane impendulo?

Ukuba, ke, lo mbuzo akuthethi kukunika uxolo lwengqondo, impendulo kufuneka ifuneka ngokwakhe. Kule ngxelo, siye ngokufutshane sixubushe ezinye iinkalo bulumko, ngokwasengqondweni kwaye zonqulo ngxaki. Nokuba ufunda iincwadi ezifana iintsuku uze ufunde onke ithiyori, asiyonto yokuba wena 100% kunye noko bayavuma nokwamkela oku isikhokelo amanyathelo.

Ukuba ukhetha ukufumana intsingiselo ebomini babo, oko kuthetha ukuba awuyithandi into kule meko ikhoyo yezinto. Kodwa lumka; Kobakho ixesha, akuyi linda ude ufumane into. Abantu abaninzi bazama ukuphumeza ngokwayo kanye kule ndlela ngasentla. Ewe, nceda, ukuba ungathanda ukuba, kumnandi, ngubani ongavunyelwanga? Kwelinye icala, owathi ukuba kuphosakele, ukuba akuyonyaniso ukuba akukho ilungelo lokuphila (abantwana, izalamane, njalo njalo)? Wonke ukhetha indlela yakhe, ikamva lakhe. Okanye mhlawumbi akukho mfuneko ukukhangela kuye? Ukuba kukho into evenkileni, kuba uya kuza, kwaye kunjalo, ngaphandle kokusokola engaphezulu ngakwicala yomntu? Ngubani na owaziyo, mhlawumbi kunjalo. Kwaye musa ukumangaliswa xa ubona intsingiselo yobomi ezahlukeneyo kwilungu ngalinye ikho. Oku ke kuqhelekile. Yindalo yomntu ngokubanzi kukuba usoloko kwezinye kwamathandabuzo. Eyona nto ibalulekileyo - ukuba ndizaliswe, njengesitya, into ukuyenza, into ukunikela ubomi bam.