Iimpawu ezisisiseko inyaniso bulumko

Le umba ngundoqo inkqubo nolwazi bulumko. Amakhulu izazinzulu ziye zasebenza nzima ukuchonga iimpawu eziphambili inyaniso. Abalinganiswa bulumko azifani: ezinye zazo iingcambu zabo imithambo ngaphambili, abanye ngokupheleleyo kuyaphikisana omnye komnye.

Le nkcazelo classical inyaniso ulwazi

Ingcamango ngenyaniso kubomi bemihla ngemihla nga kuquka iintsingiselo ezahlukeneyo, kodwa kwinzululwazi njengoko luqondwa, ngaphezu kwabo bonke, ukungqinelana umgwebo yinyani. Ethetha malunga neempawu ezithile yezinto ngezimanga ezikhona, ngoko kufuneka ukhankanye kubo, ukunxibelelanisa iingxelo ngezinto zehlabathi eziphathekayo.

Le mbono inyaniso emva iimfundiso Aristotle. Kodwa njengoba zingqamene uhlobo izinto eziphathekayo ezikhoyo ngexesha kunye nendawo, kunye nohlobo ifanelekileyo yokuqiqa kusengqiqweni? Ngenxa yale ntswela kwi-bulumko, iimbono ezintsha kwi ingqikelelo inyaniso.

izimvo ezizezinye kwiimpawu yenyaniso

Enye indlela onjalo kulandelayo: lo methodologically oluchanekileyo zokuzigwebela mazwi kuphela ngamanye amazwi. Ngo bulumko, kukho ekuthiwa ingqiqo ecacileyo, ekuthe ngayo kwingongoma nganye inyaniso unako ukukhonza izivakalisi ukutshatisa kuphela ngaphakathi umgwebo. Nangona kunjalo, le ndlela akabuyi sobulumko emva kwihlabathi eziphathekayo.

Immanuel Kant wayekholelwa ukuba iimpawu eziphambili inyaniso - oku abantu emhlabeni kunye nemfuneko, kane of ingcamango efanayo kakhulu ngokwam. Le imithombo yolwazi ngokuthanda bulumko asinto ibe yinyani, kodwa ulwazi priori kwi ilifa lomntu.

-Nzulu French Rene Dekart wacebisa njengekhrayitheriya inyaniso yolwazi lwakhe ubungqina. Ezinye iinzululwazi, ezifana Max kunye Averanius, uyathotyelwa lo mgaqo of sisitshetshe Occam kaThixo , wanyusa njengoko iimpawu eziphambili kuqoqosho oyinyaniso yokucinga.

Ngokutsho imfundiso ebambekayo, uyabachasa ngokwayo kwingcamango enye, ingxelo nga kuqwalaselwa kuyinyaniso ukuba inzuzo pfunaka. amalungu ayo zobulumko American Charlz Pirs kunye Uilyam Dzhems. Umzekelo olothusayo lobuninzi umbono lo uhlobo enya- iimbono sisazinzulu yamandulo Greek uPtolemy. Balizisa imodeli yehlabathi, ulungelelene ndlela kubonakala, yintoni ngokwenene na. Kodwa nangona oku, kuye inzuzo engokoqobo kakhulu. Ngoncedo lwe iimephu lukaPtolemy ukuqikelela ngokuchanekileyo iziganeko ezahlukeneyo ngeenkwenkwezi.

Ngaba yinyaniso ke kubonakala isazi yamandulo? Impendulo yalo mbuzo unikwa yi le ngcamango ethi zonke. izigwebo Independent nezahlukahlukeneyo kunokwenzeka - ngoko le nto ithi.

Enye mfundiso - eziphathekayo - uchaza yinyani njengoko ekhoyo ngokuzimeleyo womntu, yaye ngoko neempawu zayo eziphambili concepts inyaniso - ukwanela kunye nokuhambelana ku vangama ka izinto ezinzulu zehlabathi lokwenene.

Njani le mibuzo ngoku? Yintoni, ke, la impahla inyaniso injongo ngoku?

uzinzo enengqondo

Le kwingongoma nganye inyaniso imvelaphi yayo ingqiqo ecacileyo. Le meko kuyimfuneko, nangona kunjalo, ukuba ukuqondwa e-worldwork theory ichanekile mayiquke ezinye iimpawu inyaniso. Ulwazi kunokuba njalo, kodwa oko akuthethi ukuba akukho ubuxoki.

Ebambekayo, okanye ukwenza

ezibonakalayo Dialectical ibeka phambili njengenqobo ilandelayo inyaniso lolwazi: ukusebenza kwalo practice. Ulwazi ningathwali ukuzixabisa, ukuba ziqulunqwe umntu, kungekhona ukuze ukuzalisa ithala leencwadi. Ulwazi imfuneko ukwenzela ukuba babe nga tirhisiwaka ngokwenyani. Ukuziqhelisa, bafumane umanyano bacinge baze benze le nto.

Okukodwa

Okulandelayo impahla inyaniso. Oku kuthetha ukuba esixhasayo ethile kuyinyaniso kwimeko ethile, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iimeko ezithile. Nayiphi na into le yenyama uye inani elithile iipropati ezithile kwaye zibandakanyiwe kwezinye izibonelelo. Ngako oko ke akunakwenzeka ukuba enze isigwebo ekunene ngaphandle kwezi meko.

verifiability

Elinye kwingongoma nganye yenyaniso Uzakubanethuba lokuyivavanya empirically. Ngesayensi, kukho imiba bokuqinisekisa kunye ukuguqula. Eyokuqala ibhekisa inkqubo apho nokuyazi inyaniso ngokusebenzisa amava, oko kukuthi, uvavanyo olwenziwe. Ukuguqula - inkqubo yokucinga ubhalo yoba amisele falsity le thesis lethiyori okanye.

Absolute nesihlobo

Philosophy eyenza iintlobo ezimbini inyaniso; kukuzibophelela kunye isalamane. Eyokuqala ulwazi olupheleleyo mba, zibe ukulahlwa uphando. imizekelo eziqhelekileyo inyaniso engangxengwanga ezi constants elibonakalayo, imihla zembali. Nangona kunjalo, olu hlobo ayenzelwanga ngokokwazi okukuko.

Uhlobo lwesibini - inyaniso isalamane - equlathe amacandelo elililo, kodwa kufuneka zingqinisiswe. Umzekelo, ningabaleli hlobo umzimba kolwazi malunga nohlobo mbandela.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba ulwazi nako bubuxoki. Nakuba kunjalo, kufanele kube ahluka ukusuka iziphoso bobuxoki okanye iimpazamo ngabom yomgwebo. inyaniso Relative inokuba liqulathe olu hlobo Bill. Iimpawu kunye neenqobo yenyaniso ukuphepha loo iimpazamo: kufuneka ukuba babalise kubo ulwazi olufunyenweyo.

ulwazi lwezenzululwazi, enyanisweni, yintshukumo ukuba inyaniso epheleleyo isizalwane, kwaye le nkqubo akanakuze kugqitywa de kube sekupheleni.

Ukwenza

Okokugqibela, yenye ye iimpawu ezibalulekileyo inyaniso umgomo wayo okanye nokuzimela umxholo wesifundo abazi. Kodwa inyaniso ubandakanya zombini njengenjongo luluvo, ngokuba yena akazi zodwa geqe ukusuka lokuqonda koluntu. It has a ifomu luluvo, kodwa umxholo yalo njongo. Umzekelo obonisa inyaniso kweekhrayitheriya Injongo ayanceda ingxelo, "Umhlaba ngeenxa zonke." Olu lwazi okunene uphiwa ngaye into kwaye ibonisa ngqo iimpahla zazo.

Ngoko ke, imiqathango ngendlela ezahlukeneyo iimpawu ezisisiseko inyaniso. inzululwazi Social, intanda, indlela inzululwazi - ezi iindawo apho ufumana ukusetyenziswa kwalo mmandla obunzulu.