Ngubani na sobulumko? Amagama zobulumko enkulu

Kweli hlabathi-bulumko ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye nezikolo. Abanye badumise amaxabiso zokomoya, ukanti abanye kushumayela ngendlela yonke imihla yobomi. Kodwa ke abanye enye into - bonke kokuba kusungulwe umntu. Kungenxa yoko le nto, ngaphambi kokuba uqale ukufunda esikolweni yokucinga, kubalulekile ukuqonda ukuba ngubani na sobulumko.

Kuyimfuneko kuphela ukuba bafunde intsingiselo yegama, kodwa khangela emva elidlulileyo ukuze ukhumbule kwabo wema imvelaphi kwizikolo zokuqala bulumko. Ngapha koko, ekuphela kwendlela uliqonde kakuhle lokwenyaniso umbuzo wokuba ngubani na sobulumko.

Abantu lunikezelwa abacinga enkulu

Ngoko ke, njengokwamaxesha onke, ibali kufuneka uqale ezisisiseko. Kulo mzekelo lowo a sobulumko. Enyanisweni, kwixesha elizayo, lo gama kuya kuvela kwitekisi, yaye ke ngoko, ngaphandle ukuqonda ngokucacileyo intsingiselo yalo nje azisebenzi.

Yintoni-sobulumko - indoda wazinikela ngokupheleleyo ukucinga kakuhle yokuba. Noko ke, Owona mnqweno wakhe umnqweno ukuqonda oko kwenzekayo, ngoko ukuthetha, ujongo emva emfihlekweni yobomi nendlela yokufa. ncam, ezi ngcinga babuye umntu oqhelekileyo ibe sobulumko.

Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ukuba yokucinga - oku nje izibiliboco ayigqithisele okanye kumnandi, oku intsingiselo yobomi bakhe, okanye ukuba ufuna obiza. Kungenxa yoko le nto zobulumko omkhulu eyahlulelwe imibuzo sizimisele yokuthuthumbisa bonke ixesha lakhe free.

Ukungafani bulumko

Inyathelo elilandelayo Kukuqonda ukuba zonke zobulumko zahlukile enye kwenye. Akukho imbono jikelele yehlabathi okanye umyalelo yezinto. Nokuba iinkcuba babelana ngeembono efanayo okanye ideology, ngokusesikweni kwabo kuya kusoloko kukho ukungavisisani.

Oku kungenxa yokuba izimvo zobulumko behlabathi ixhomekeke kumava abo kunye nesakhono ekuhlalutyeni izibakala. Kungenxa yoko le nto ukuba kuthi ga ngoku ihlabathi sabona amakhulu bulumko ezahlukeneyo. Yaye bonke bephela ezikhethekileyo kwindalo, nto leyo eyenza lo inzululwazi ubhetyebhetye kwaye ulwazi.

Kodwa yonke into ekuqaleni kwayo, kuquka-bulumko. Ngoko ke iya kuba kusengqiqweni kakhulu ukuguqula inkangeleko ibe elidlulileyo kwaye uthethe ngayo abo waseka olu qeqesho. Oko kukuthi, phezu iinkcuba yamandulo.

USocrates - wokuqala iingqondo enkulu endala

Kufuneka uqale lowo uthathwa ilivo kwihlabathi iinkcuba ezinkulu - uSocrates. Wazalwa kwaye wahlala Ancient Greece kwiminyaka 469-399 BC. Ngelishwa, oku kwakhokelela iirekhodi uMaponyane iingcinga zabo, ukuze inkoliso amazwi akhe ziye zasinda ngenxa kuphela imigudu abafundi bakhe.

Yena waba ngowokuqala amadoda wacinga ukuba a sobulumko. USocrates ayekholelwa ukuba ubomi intsingiselo kuphela xa abantu ngabom siphile ngayo. Walahla bakhaya zabo ukuba walibala malunga yokuziphatha yaye zibandakanyeke imikhuba yabo.

Awu, ubomi uSocrates laphela kabuhlungu. abasemagunyeni Local wabiza iimfundiso zakhe qhekeko waza wagwetyelwa ukufa. Akazange kulindela ukwenza kunye ngokuzithandela wathabatha ityhefu.

Zobulumko enkulu Greece yamandulo

Ukuba Greece yamandulo kuthathwa kuloo ndawo apho wazalelwa isikolo Western-bulumko. Uninzi iingqondo enkulu lidala abazalelwe kweli lizwe. Kwaye nangona ezinye iimfundiso zazo ziye zabukulwa yi ababephila, akunakwenzeka ukuba silibale ngento yokuba ukuba le yokuqala izazinzulu-zobulumko wabonakala apha ngaphezulu kwe-2.5 amawaka. Kwiminyaka eyadlulayo bonke.

uPlato

Kubo bonke abafundi uSocrates, uPlato yaba yimpumelelo kakhulu. Kokuba ithathe ubulumko ootitshala, waqhubeka ukuvavanya ihlabathi kunye nemithetho yayo. Ngaphezu koko, ngenkxaso abantu, waseka omkhulu Athene Academy. Kwaba apha wafundisa abafundi abatsha iziseko iingcamango bulumko namabinza.

UPlato wayeqinisekile ukuba imfundiso yakhe uyakwazi ukunika abantu ubulumko ukuba kuyimfuneko kakhulu. Waqiqa ngelithi abafundileyo kuphela kwaye ziingcathu umntu unako ukwenza imeko efanelekileyo.

Aristotle

Aristotle kakhulu ukuba uphuhliso bulumko Koloni. Le Greek bathweswa izidanga Academy of eAthene, ibe omnye wootitshala bakhe uPlato ngokwakhe. Ekubeni Aristotle ahluka yi erudition okhethekileyo, kungekudala, akubizwa, Wakululamela ukuba zifundise ligosa ebhotwe. Ngokweerekhodi zembali, wabafundisa yena Aleksandra Makedonskogo.

zefilosofi zamaRoma bazimele

Iinkqubo yawona zamaGrike abaphenjelelwa kakhulu ubomi enkcubeko uBukhosi baseRoma. Ngenxa yeempembelelo yi imibhalo Plato kunye Pythagoras, ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane II BC waqalisa kuvela lokuqala amaRoma zobulumko zimvo. Yaye ngoxa uninzi iingcamango yawo ifana isiGrike, ezinye umahluko iimfundiso zabo kwakusadingeka. Ngokukodwa, oku kubangelwe kukuba namaRoma lweengcinga zabo malunga nokuba yintoni na elungileyo kakhulu.

Mark Terentsy Varro

Enye zobulumko yokuqala waseRoma Varro wazalwa BC I leminyaka. Ngexesha ubomi bakhe wabhala Mininzi imisebenzi abazinikele imilinganiselo yokuziphatha kunye yokomoya. Wabeka Kwakhona phambili i ingcamango umdla zonke hlanga izigaba ezine: ebuntwaneni, lokufikisa, ekubeni ukwaluphala.

uCicero

Le yenye yezona zobulumko adumileyo laseRoma yamandulo. Ezo udumo Cicero kuba wakwazi ukuba sibumbane ibe single yonke ngokomoya uthando zamaGrike namaRoma sobumi.

Namhlanje, ukuba yaziswa kakhulu ngenxa yokuba wayengomnye bulumko yokuqala entle asinto inzululwazi nje, kodwa yinxalenye yobomi bemihla ngemihla. UCicero wakwazi ukuba abantu ingcamango yokuba wonke umntu, ukuba oyifunayo, uyakwazi ukuqonda ubugcisa yokucinga. Ingakumbi, le nto iye yaqalisa isichazi-magama yayo, echaza eli amagama amaninzi bulumko.

-Sobulumko olukhulu kuMbindi Kingdom

Abaninzi bathi ingcamango yedemokhrasi amaGrike, kodwa kwelinye icala lehlabathi kwesilumko enkulu unako ukubeka phambili ingcamango efanayo, sithembele kuphela ngeenkolelo zabo. Yiyo le sobulumko yamandulo kwaye igqalwa loo Likhonkco Asia.

Confucius

China ebesoloko ilizwe amadoda alumkileyo, kodwa bonke abanye, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo kufuneka ihlawulwe Confucius. Le sobulumko ezinkulu zahlala kwiminyaka 551-479. BC. e. yaye yena umntu odumileyo kakhulu. Eyona njongo ephambili ekufundiseni bakhe ukuba bashumayele imigaqo yokuziphatha kunye iimpawu zobuqu.

Amagama aziwayo zonke

Ukutyhubela iminyaka, abantu abaninzi yaye bakulungele ukwenza igalelo kuphuhliso iingcamango bulumko. izikolo Wazalwa ngakumbi nangakumbi olutsha neentsingiselo, kunye nengxubusho ebangel phakathi abameli babo norm obuqhelekileyo. Noko ke, kwiimeko ezinjalo, kukho abo iingcinga zobulumko zehlabathi ogama zazifana umpefumlo umoya.

uAvicenna

Abu Ali Husain ibn Abdallah ibn Sina - eli ligama elipheleleyo uAvicenna, enkulu Arab sobulumko-nzulu. Wazalwa ngo-980 kummandla uBukhosi basePersi. Ngexesha lakhe, wabhala azibhala zenzululwazi ngaphezu kweshumi enxulumene zemvelo bulumko.

Ukongeza, wabuya wabagwebela isikolo sakhe. Kuyo, wafundisa amayeza onesiphiwo abafana, apho, waphumelela ngokuzenzekelayo, kakhulu kunene.

Foma Akvinsky

Ngowe-1225 ukukhanya wazalwa inkwenkwe egama Thomas. Abazali kwaye sicinge ukuba kwixa elizayo iya kuba ngomnye ezingqondweni kakhulu ehlabathini-bulumko. Wabhala imisebenzi emininzi abazinikele ukucinga maKristu ehlabathini.

Ngaphezu koko, ngo-1879 i-Catholic Church iye yayiqwalasela umsebenzi wakhe waza wazenza bulumko esemthethweni amaKatolika.

Rene Dekart

Yena eyaziwa ngokuba uyise iintlobo mihla ingcamango. Abaninzi abazi amazwi akhe, ezinamaphiko, "Ukuba ndicinga ukuba, ngenxa yoko ndiya khona." Xa imisebenzi yakhe ingqalelo ingqondo nje isixhobo oluntu asisiseko. Le Isazinzulu wafunda imibhalo zobulumko ngamaxesha ahlukahlukeneyo kwaye ingxelo ukuba sovremenikov zabo.

Ukongeza, Descartes wenza ezininzi izinto ezintsha kwezinye zenzululwazi, ngakumbi kwiziBalo kunye physics.