Le ifilosofi positivism: ingqiqo, ifomu, iimpawu

Positivism ifilosofi yenye imigca ingcamango. Wazalwa kwiminyaka 30-40. khulu lokugqibela, yaye umseki wayo uthathwa Ogyust akhawunti. Le indlela idumile ngokubanzi kwaye kuxhaphakile kwiilwimi zesiNtu. Oku kulandelayo luhlobo zalo ezisisiseko.

Ifilosofi positivism

abameli Key: Comte, Spencer, Mill kunye nabanye.

Njengoko Comte ingqalelo ingxabano phakathi abanemibono kunye materialists ngamampunge ngokwakhe kuba akukho sizathu esinzulu. A bulumko efunekayo, yaye ukunyathela enye kwenye yaye, esekelwe kuphela ulwazi lwenzululwazi (positive).

Le ngxelo kuthetha ukuba:

1. Ulwazi ukuba uthembeke ngokupheleleyo yaye ichanile.

2. Ukuphumeza ulwazi ifilosofi ukuba kusetyenziswa indlela yenzululwazi of kwingqiqo, indlela engundoqo ukufumana loo - kodwa noko enokwehla.

3. Ifilosofi kukuzibandakanya kuphando kuphela izibakala hayi izinto zabo, ukuba sizama ukuba sverhnaukoy, "ukumkanikazi of Sciences," imbonakalo jikelele theoretical component.

Ukongeza, Comte ecetywayo umthetho ngendaleko ezimbini. Wayifanisa izigaba ezithathu uphuhliso lobuchule (bemveli, pre-mveliso kunye noshishino uluntu), nto leyo kunxibelelana izigaba ezithathu zophuhliso intellectual (yonqulo okanye ngezakwaLizwi, i ezintweni kwaye i yelizwe). Noko ke, positivism kuphela iziseko babekwa Comte, ezo ngcono, zincediswa nokuqhubeka ukuphuhlisa ngenxa yokuba ezinye zobulumko unanamhla.

Le ngefilosofi positivism: Empiric

abameli Key: Mach, Avenarius.

Apha kowona msebenzi bulumko wayengekho ukwakha inkqubo zonke-gona kolwazi enokwehla, kunye nokudalwa ulwazi lwenzululwazi imfundiso. Ngokungafaniyo Comte, abameli kweli nqanaba babekholelwa ukuba kuyimfuneko ukuze lukwazi umfanekiso ohlangeneyo ihlabathi lethu, kunye nokusekwa kwe siseko kunye ngezenzeko odolwa ezingqondweni abaphandi.

Igama "Empiric" ithetha ukugxekwa yehlabathi amava njengesifundo esazi zinikwe ngohlobo iingxelo kunye izityholo. Lo ngumgca positivism ngokusondeleyo ezinxulumene ne conservatism, njengoko apho imigaqo yenzululwazi ngokubanzi imveliso isivumelwano enemiqathango.

Le ngefilosofi positivism: iniyo

abameli Key: Carnap, Bertrand, Schlick, uRussell.

Elinye igama le nqanaba - positivism ubhalo. Abaseki yayo injongo yayo umzabalazo kunye inqubo ezintweni. Le ndawo lokuqala ikhosi libe ngu ulwazi lokwenyaniso eye izibakala kunye iziganeko, okanye "data ingqiqo." Ingqiqo "ukungabi naxanasi" liye lathatyathelw ingcamango "yenzululwazi 'njengoko ungubani. Yile nqanaba uphuhliso positivism yaqalwa logic, leyo izifundo iingxelo oluxandileyo, isenokuba nokuba kungenyaniso, okanye ngamampunge.

Isifundo lokuvandlakanya neopositivists baba intsingiselo imiqondiso kunye namagama ngokubanzi, oko kukuthi,, ubhalo, iilwimi iingxaki zengqondo, ezazikade ukubaluleka esebenzayo yenzululwazi ebalulekileyo ekudalweni izixhobo computing.

Le ngefilosofi positivism: postpositivism

abameli Key: Lakatos, Kuhn, Popper, Feyerbend.

Phantsi postpositivism uwaqonda ezininzi eziye zavela ukususela imfundiso Comte ngayo empirio-ukumgxeka iniyo. ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwa abameli kweli nqanaba indlela eyiyo yokusetyenziswa kolwazi.

Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Popper, ukwanda kolwazi kungenziwa kuphela xa inkqubo ingxoxo ubengo, njengoko ukugxeka zehlabathi ezikhoyo. Aveza ukuba izazinzulu yokufumanisa ngokulandela kungekhona Enyanisweni nkolelo, a hypothesis kwintetho enye.

Positivism njenge intsingiselo yentanda iye yaba nefuthe elikhulu kwindlela zombini ezentlalo kunye zendalo (ingakumbi kwisiqingatha sesibini senkulungwane yokugqibela).