Njengoko ekuqaleni wayeqonda "intanda": inkcazelo, imbali kunye namanqaku anika umdla

Iingxelo zobulumko lidala sisasebenza nanamhlanje njengoko zazinjalo ezimbini zeminyaka nesiqingatha eyadlulayo. Ngaba oku kuthetha ukuba ihlabathi ukususela zatshintsha kancinane, okanye iinyaniso ngazo ndandicamngca, ngokwenene ngonaphakade? Ukuba indoda eziqhelekileyo esitratweni uzibuze umbuzo, yaye njengoko ndiyayiqonda-bulumko, ke, mhlawumbi, eli lizwi uya kunxulumana zo bamandulo, oko endala kangaka.

Enyanisweni, neengcamango bahlala kuzo zonke izigaba zexesha, kwaye babe kule nkulungwane yama-21, njengoko imibuzo esisiseko, umzekelo, malunga nohlobo ubukho kunye nentsingiselo yobomi, iimpendulo ngokunjalo azafunyanwa.

Ixabiso inkqubo yokucinga

Xa sibhenela kanye imvelaphi, isiseko wefilosofi elithi isekelwe amagama zamaGrike ezimbini: phileo, elithetha ukuthanda, kunye Nozipho - nobulumko. Ngoko ke, lo bulumko ekuqaleni iqondwe njengoko uthando ubulumko, kodwa hayi umntu omnye yaye lonke uluntu:

• Xa intliziyo yaba isayensi ucinga, kungekhona yokufunda nto, kungekhona inkolelo okanye ukuziva.
• Ifilosofi ngenxa ekuqondweni kwinyaniso ngumntu omnye, loo nto yokucinga ezihlangeneyo ngayo. Xa sazi wamandulo wabeka phambili ngcamango yakhe, ubunyani apho wayeza ukungqina izibakala, waza ke waqalisa ukucinga ngayo ngabanye, maxa wambi na imbambano, yaye inyaniso ezelwe.

Kuyimfuneko ukuba sijonge imbali, ukuqonda indlela ekuqaleni aqonde bulumko. Kwabonwa njengesixhobo ukufikelela inyaniso malunga kakuhle izinto. Kumaxesha amandulo, abantu baye nzima ukwenza yonke nesenzeko bengqondo kunye nobudlelwane kwihlabathi elibangqongileyo. Ukubukela Isiqwenga ethile yayo, umzekelo, namanzi, baye yandisa ezingqondweni zabo, beqaqadeka namava ukufunda indalo.

Ukuba ebecinga wenza Homo sapiens, njengoko ukuziphatha unconditioned reflex waba ezendeleyo kuye ukususela ekuqaleni. Umzekelo, ukuba zibaswe ngokwakho kwi eshushu, abantu musa ukuthetha, yaye ngokwemvelo alitsale isandla sakhe emlilweni.

Xa phakathi intshukumo kunye nemvakalelo kukho ukulibaziseka impendulo, igcwaliswe ukucinga ngendlela ikhuseleke okanye inzuzo engaphaya ukwenza, oko kubonisa indlela bulumko.

Zobulumko endala

Okokuqala, ixesha pre-eziyintandabulumko yaba icandelo eyodwa yenkcubeko, njengoko kwebala kunye nobomi practical bemihla ngemihla. Umzekelo, Confucius wafundisa njani ukuba baziphathe ngayo eluntwini, ngokommiselo: musa ukwenza abanye oko ninge ongathanda ukuba bazenze kuni. La madoda izilumko baphila kuphela China yamandulo, kodwa India.

Aba bantu abakwazi ngokuba zobulumko, ukuba izazi. Ukufunda ingxelo yawo, kunokwenzeka ukuba aseke ingcamango njengoko iqondwa ekuqaleni-bulumko abantu belo xesha.

I-sobulumko lokuqala lokwenene ingqalelo inabe, owayephila 625 - 545 BC. e. wathi bakhe bonke - oku ngumongo amanzi, ngumsebenzi ngesizathu kuphela, ngaba njengoko oku bathembele kweminye imithombo, efana kwiintsomi.

Xa sicinga ngalo mbandela, yayisekelwe kuphela kokuma kwakhe ngemvelo yezinto wazama ukuba achaze iimpawu zezifundo zabo. Isibakala sokuba nobangela zonke ziyaphila kunye nohlobo engaphefumliyo ngamanzi, waqukumbela, ukuhlola ithi zayo ezahlukeneyo: eziqinileyo, ezilulwelo kunye nongumoya.

Abafundi kunye abalandeli inabe baqhubeka ekuphuhliseni iingcinga njengomfundisi wakhe, ngaloo ndlela zibeke isiseko yesikolo yokuqala ingcamango, ngaphandle apho kuya kubakho Heraclitus, ababekholelwa ukuba akunakwenzeka emlanjeni efanayo ngenisa kabini okanye Pythagoras, abo bafumana phakathi inani elikhulu izinto ezinzulu ipateni lwamanani.

Abameli ubalaseleyo womntu kwizikolo zeentanda-bulumko adume uSocrates kunye uPlato noAristotle kunye uEpicurus, Seneca. Babehlala BC, kodwa efuna iimpendulo zemibuzo efanayo ukuba inkxalabo kunye nabantu mihla.

Philosophy ephakathi

Imfundiso ephambili kumaXesha Aphakathi le neemfundiso zeCawa, ngoko ke umsebenzi engundoqo zobulumko eli xesha ukukhangela ubungqina bobukho uMdali.

Ekubeni bulumko wayeyalelwe iqondwe njengoko uthando ubulumko ukufunwa inyaniso inkqubo bokucingisisa kwaye olungenamiqathango ngemvelo, ngexesha ukuwa epheleleyo yokucinga yenzululwazi, oko phantse yathotywa.

Ngeli ixesha elide kwaye ezimnyama kumaXesha Aphakathi zonke yawona abadumileyo okanye ezihambisana nebandla, okanye ukuthobela nentando yakhe, nto leyo ayamkelekanga, ekubeni intanda - uhlobo olukhethekileyo lolwazi elimiweyo ngoncedo lwezibophelelo simahla nayiphi mfundiso ingcamango.

Yawona ezaziwayo-kakuhle ixesha:

• Avgustin Avrely, owabhala ama "Isixeko kaThixo", ogama iingcamango zaye ezihlanganiswe ekudaleni yamaKatolika iCawa.

• Foma Akvinsky yabamba iingcamango Aristotelian ukuba bakwazi ukuziqhelanisa iinkolelo kwazo.

Imimandla ezingundoqo iingxoxo bulumko ye xesha nokubaluleka umba okanye izimvo, nezalathiso - Theocentricism.

Renaissance

Eyona mpumelelo iphambili yale ixesha inkululeko chu iingqondo zabantu kwimpembelelo yonqulo, leyo, kwelinye icala, kwakhokelela nezidubula ngayo nenzululwazi, ubugcisa, uncwadi kunye ezintsha.

Ntoni ekuqaleni ukuthini intanda-Renaissance wabizwa ukubuyiselwa iingcamango yamandulo zobuntu, leyo yayisekelwe anthropocentrism. Umntu uba embindini iphela, yaye isifundo uza kuqala. Umzekelo:

• Pico della Mirandola ibango ukuba uMdali wadala umntu ukhululekile ukuba ukhethe njani ukuba: ukuba liwele nqanaba lisezantsi khona, okanye okunyusa komphefumlo wakhe.
• Erazm Rotterdamsky wayekholelwa ukuba yonke into uThixo, namkhanyela kolawulo lwangaphandle izinto zonke, uhlobo wendalo.

• UGIORDANO Bruno wabulawa esibondeni ukuze ingqiqo nobuninzi siyibambe.

Ngenxa yawona yexesha, oko kunokubonwa bulumko ekuqaleni iqondwa yamandulo, kwaye itshintshe indlela iimpawu eziye zijongisiswe zize zihlaziywe iimfundiso zo yamandulo.

ngexesha elitsha

Wenkulungwane elinesixhenxe banika ihlabathi lonke kwabeMi zobulumko ezinkulu abaye baphenjelelwa ngamandla uphuhliso kwengcamango yoluntu kwixesha elizayo.

Ukuba bulumko wayeyalelwe iqondwe njengoko uthando ubulumko, ngoku bafikelele ekuyazini ziza isicelo layo. Yawona yexesha ziye zohlulwa nkampu zimbini: i empiricists kunye rationalists. Iqela lokuqala:

• Frensis Bekon, awayecinga ukuba ulwazi lungamandla, ukunika abantu ithuba lokuba balahle abasephantsi kunye namabinzana zonqulo ngokufunda ihlabathi ukusuka ethile ukuya jikelele.
• UThomas Hobbes wacinga ukuba isiseko lolwazi kufuneka ibe ngamava, eyile umfowunelwa kunye nendalo kunye ukuqwalasela kwaso izivamvo.
• Dzhon Lokk waba noluvo lokuba kukho engqondweni yomntu nto bekungayi kuba ekuqaleni ovakalelwa ngayo. Kungenxa ngokusebenzisa ingqiqo umntu efunda, ucinga ngendalo kunye nokwenza izigqibo zenzululwazi.

Empiricists edibene ukuthembela iimvakalelo ukuba siqonde ihlabathi kunye nempembelelo iimeko zobomi bomntu.

rationalists

Ngokungafaniyo empiricists, rationalists nombono eyahlukileyo, umzekelo:

• Rene Dekart wavakalisa ithisisi ibalulekileyo: Ndicinga ukuba, mna ke khona. Oku kuthetha ukuba kuphela into yokuba umntu - into yokucinga, kumiselwa ubunyani ubukho bayo. indima ebalulekileyo kuphuhliso lokuqonda koluntu wadlala ingxelo yakhe ngendlela esicinga ngayo, kwaye oko ubomi bethu. Wayethetha kuqala malunga mbini sehlabathi, nto leyo kuphela umgaqo eziphathekayo kodwa kokomoya uyingxenye esekelwe.

• Benedict Spinoza wayekholelwa ukuba isiseko yezinto zonke luhlobo wenkqu, kwavela yonke indalo ezibonakalayo nezingabonakaliyo kuzo. Abeka phambili ingcamango umfanekiso leyinene, apho uMdali yachongwa nendalo.
• Gotfrid Vilgelm Leybnits wadala kwithiyori monads, apho umntu ngamnye abe Monad unique - umphefumlo.

Kulo mzekelo iingcamango izazinzulu kwenkulungwane ye-17 kunokubonwa njengoko kakuhle intanda (uthando ubulumko lamanyange), yaye yintoni inqanaba yokucinga yabantu wayeka.

Zobulumko benkulungwane ye-18

Age of Ukukhanya wazala uhlobo olutsha kwizikolo bulumko, apho edabini ibalulekileyo yengqondo lwaqhutywa phakathi iingqiqo ezifana izinto eziphathekayo kunye yimibono. Phakathi yawona elikhulu ixesha ngokukodwa eyaziwayo:

• UVoltaire, ngubani ngowelinye iqela ngokwenene amandla monarchical kunye nempembelelo yebandla iingqondo zabantu. Yena a ezamahala-nzulu ngezinto, phikisana ukuba akukho Thixo.
• Zhan Zhak Russo yaba umhlalutyi inkqubela kunye nempucuko, nto leyo eyaba unobangela karhulumente, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni nokwahlulwa abantu ubume ekuhlaleni.
• Denis Diderot ubemelwe materialists. Wayekholelwa ukuba kwihlabathi liphela - nto leyo into esiyibonayo, apho atom ukuhamba.
• Immanuel Kant, phezu koko, yaba idealist. Ngoko ke wabeka phambili kwaye likugqinile ingcamango yokuba ihlabathi elinesiqalo kunye okwahlukileyo, ukuba ihlabathi akanasiqalo. Yena idume antinomies zayo - kuphikisana bulumko.

Ukuba bulumko wayeyalelwe iqondwe njengoko uthando ubulumko kunye nenkululeko yokucinga, ekukhanyiseleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 Bayithabatha ke ingqondo yomntu ukuqonda lo mba.

Bulumko ngenkulungwane ye-19

Isalathiso kakhulu umxhelo bulumko, nempembelelo uphuhliso olulandelayo kwale nzululwazi, positivism Waba ngunozala leyo Ogyust akhawunti. Wayekholelwa ukuba sisisiseko sawo wonke kufuneka ibe ulwazi ezintle kuphela, ngokusekelwe ngamava ngokomfuniselo lithathwe.

Ukuba bulumko kudla ichazwa njengendlela ithiyori ngokusekelwe kulwazi lomntu elimiweyo ngoncedo reflection phezu kwakhe, Conte wathi Ndakungabi nakunyamezela kuyimfuneko, njengoko isiseko lonke ulwazi kufuneka ibuyiselwe umva izibakala. imfundiso yakhe yaba negalelo kuphuhliso imiyalelo amatsha bulumko sele kwinkulungwane yama-20.

Intanda kwinkulungwane yama-20

Karl Popper wabelana iingqiqo yokuqala yenzululwazi kunye nefilosofi. Ukuba kwinkulungwane edlulileyo, kwakukho iimbambano phakathi iinkcuba kulo mba, ngoko, Popper ekugqibeleni wabonisa ukuba ifilosofi isayensi, kunye uhlobo olulodwa kwenkcubeko, nto leyo eziziimpawu indlela yaso ekuqondeni ihlabathi.

Namhlanje, le nkcubeko iye eyangena onke amazinga. Kukho bulumko zobugcisa, inkolo, imbali, ezopolitiko, ezoqoqosho, njl

Bebindekile kunye ezweni babheka

Kwinkulungwane yama-20 kwabonakala waza waba ingqiqo oluthandwa inqubo. Ukuze ukwazi ukutolika bulumko kufuneka bazi ukuba ungathanda:

• Ekuqaleni, kwaba ulwazi lokuba ngokucinga malunga ngezenzeko ezahlukeneyo ezenzeka ehlabathini kunye nenzaliseko yalo.
• Inqanaba elilandelayo - ukufunda umntu endaweni yakhe ngokwenyani.
• Inyathelo elandelayo - ekuphuhliseni ulwazi lwenzululwazi, ulwabiwo-bulumko njengendlela yokuziqeqesha eyahlukileyo.

Akukho inzululwazi ngenxa yokuba izifundo kuphela yinxalenye yehlabathi, asikwazi ukucinga nto xa iyonke. Kuyinto bulumko ezikhoyo kuphela, ngoko ke akukho isayensi, kodwa athathe ukuze ukwazi yakhe intle kwaye babe umfanekiso yehlabathi.

Kakuhle eli umntu

Ngawo onke amaxesha, zobulumko unomdla intsingiselo ubomi babantu kunye nenjongo yawo. Namhlanje ezi ndidi waziwa ngaphezu zo lidala, kodwa iimpendulo eqinisekile kodwa akukho namnye ezifunyenweyo. Ngoko ke ifilosofi uyaqhubeka ukufunda umntu nje sekuba le jikelele kwi umzimba uphela.