Pantheism - ifilosofi nto? Concept kunye nabameli pantheism. Pantheism Renaissance

"Pantheism" - ligama ukuba ukuguqula agama ukusuka bulumko yamaGrike kuzo "zonke uThixo." Le nkqubo inkolelo, ezidla idibane, nkqu ukuphawulwa ingqiqo ka "Xikwembu" ni "indalo". Ngaloo ndlela uThixo imele isiqalo ethile akabhekisi mntwini, kuba ngoku bonke, oko alohlukaniswa ophilayo.

Eli pantheism

Ekubeni pantheism olumanyanisa uThixo-kweziyobisi, kwaye ihlabathi-iphela, kukho isidingo sokuba unxulumano na iimpawu ezingashukumiyo ngemvelo yobuThixo, ezifana Infinity, kanaphakade, ukungaguquleki, intshukumo, ukungabikho kozinzo rhoqo zehlabathi wendalo. Xa sobulumko yamandulo Parmenides uThixo ihlabathi ayikwazi ukuba yahlukanisiwe ukusuka kwenye nenye, kunye isithixo kwema ngohlobo uhlobo abayinqobo kuye, yaye zonke izinto eziphilayo (ngathi nokungazinzi koqoqosho ezingapheliyo). Kodwa pantheism ngo bulumko ka Hegel wanika uthixo ngokuqhelekileyo ukukwazi uncharacteristic ukuwusa kwaye nokuphuhlisa, nto leyo inokuthi inciphise le ntswela ophambili phakathi laphezulu liphila. Abalandeli pantheism immanent bakholisa ukubona uThixo uhlobo umthetho ephakamileyo, amandla akhe angunaphakade kunye obungenakudlula olulawula ihlabathi. Le umgca yokucinga liqulunqe Heraclitus, abalandeli ubuStoyike, oko ngokwalo jikelele, waba pantheism Spinoza kaThixo. Njengenxalenye yale bulumko Neo-zikaPlato kwavela emanation i uhlobo pantheism, njengako indalo i emanation zivela kuThixo. pantheism Emanation ifilosofi of the Ages Aphakathi ayikho impixano kunye okhoyo imfundiso ngezakwaLizwi, kodwa imelwe nje alithandayo ngokoqobo. Olu hlobo pantheism kunokubonwa kwimibhalo Davida Dinanskogo kunye Eriugena.

ndlela pantheism

Xa kwimbali bulumko , imiyalelo ezimbini ezikhoyo oludibanisa yonke imfundiso pantheistic:

1. Le pantheism yendalo, thaca kwi imisebenzi amaStoyike, uBruno, Spinoza inxalenye, deifies ngemvelo, zonke izinto eziphilayo. Lubonakala imibono obunjengesicwangciso obungenasiphelo umphefumlo yehlabathi. Lo mkhwa ijonge izinto eziphathekayo, ukuncitshiswa isimiso saphezulu obuxhasa le zendalo.

2. pantheism eyimfihlakalo ziphuhliswe iimfundiso Eckhart, Nikolaya Kuzanskogo, Malebranche, Boehme, Paracelsus. Ukuze ubone le ulwalathiso kukho ibinzana elithi "panentheism" ngqo ngakumbi - "konke uThixo", njengoko zobulumko le ntsingiselo akunakufane ukubona uThixo kwindalo kunye nendalo kuThixo. Nature - kwinqanaba ezahlukeneyo ubukho bukaThixo (yimibono injongo).

Kukho imizekelo emininzi wokuxuba zombini iindidi pantheism ngaphakathi kwiimfundiso nzulu ngezinto.

indaba

Ngokuba lixesha lokuqala elithi "pantheism" (okanye mandithi "pantheist") wasebenzisa Dzhon Toland, IsiNgesi sobulumko izinto kwamanye kwiinkulungwane XVII-XVIII. Kodwa iingcambu inqubo pantheistic kwiinkqubo wenkolo nefilosofi yamandulo. Ngenxa yoko, ubuHindu, kunye Brahmanism mandulo India Vedanta nobuTao e China wamandulo pantheistic ngokucacileyo kwindalo.

iitekisi wenkolo nefilosofi yamandulo, bethwele ingcamango pantheism yi Indian Vedas amandulo maculo. Kuba amaHindu, Brahman - alipheli, rhoqo, iziko bukathixo eyaba isiseko bonke ubomi iphela, yonke into wakha khona okanye uya kuhlala ekho. Okubhaliweyo kwe maculo rhoqo iqinisekisa ingcamango umanyano phakathi Brahman kunye nehlabathi.

Yamandulo Chinese zobuTao - imfundiso ngokunzulu pantheistic, iziseko echaziweyo kwi umsebenzi "Tao Te Ching" ebhalwe lobulumko semi-edume Lao Tzu. Kuba Taoists akukho thixo umdali, okanye nayiphi na enye kokufa anthropomorphic, umgaqo waphezulu akabhekisi mntwini, kuba lifana ingqikelelo endleleni yaye ukho kuzo zonke izinto ezinzulu.

ukuthambekela Pantheistic zikhona ezingafani iicawa ezininzi yobuhlanga yeAfrika, edibene polytheism kunye sinqule. Wabhala nobuBhuda ezinye flow panteistichny kwindalo.

Kwiinkulungwane 14-15 e Western Yurophu, pantheism liye liye lehla. Iimfundiso bezakwalizwi zamaKristu abadumileyo John Scotus Erigena, Meister Eckhart kunye Nikolaya Kuzanskogo zazikufuphi kakhulu kuye, kodwa ngokuphandle inkxaso yalo inqubo kuphela Dzhordano Bruno. ukusasazeka eYurophu izimvo pantheism ngesango imisebenzi Spinoza.

Ngenkulungwane ye-18 phantsi kwempembelelo igunya lakhe ngayo ziimvakalelo yakhe pantheistic wayitwabulula phakathi zobulumko Western. Sele ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-19 pantheism kuthethwa ngaye unqulo elizayo. Kwinkulungwane yama-20 eli hlabathi Undityhale bucala ngcinga yobuFasi nolobukomanisi.

imvelaphi Pantheism ifilosofi yamandulo

Pantheism - oku kwintanda-bulumko kudala, element engundoqo lonke ulwazi lwehlabathi, ubume bendawo yonke. Yena yokuqala adibene iimfundiso iinkcuba ixesha pre-kaSocrates - inabe, Anaximenes, Anaximander kunye Heraclitus. Kuba amaGrike yonqulo ngexesha nangoku waphawulwa polytheism abazinikeleyo. Ngoko ke, ekuqaleni pantheism antique - ukukholelwa uhlobo ziyaphila ubuthixo ezendeleyo zonke izinto eziphathekayo, izinto eziphilayo ngezimanga zendalo.

Bade bafika intanda pantheistic emfundisweni la maqela. Ngokutsho indawo yabo imfundiso ukuba umzimba omnye lomlilo. ngokuchonga namaStoyike pantheism yaye lumanyanisa zonke izinto eziphilayo, yaye ubuntu ingakumbi, yonke. Last - unguThixo kunye umbuso womhlaba. Ngenxa yoko, pantheism nayo ukulingana yokuqala abantu bonke.

Ngexesha uBukhosi baseRoma, kwintanda-bulumko pantheism sibamba kwande kwisikhundla owaziwayo phakathi isikolo amaStoyike kunye Neoplatonists.

abanemvume

Middle Ages - wokulawula iinkonzo monotheistic, obubonakala ngokuba sithi uThixo ubuntu enamandla, olawula umntu phezu kwehlabathi. Ngeli xesha, pantheism baqhubeka emanation theory of bulumko Neo-zikaPlato, nto leyo emele kwizibhambathiso ezithile kunye nenkolo. Ngokuba lixesha pantheism yokuqala njengokuba ukukhulelwa izinto kwabonakala Davida Dinanskogo. Wathi lo ingqondo yomntu, uThixo ihlabathi eziphathekayo - into efanayo.

obuKristu abaninzi bamazi yi nezahlukano Church esemthethweni kwaye atshutshiswe, babedla pantheism (umz amalrikane kwinkulungwane XIII.).

ukuzalwa

Ngokwahlukileyo kwemfundiso kumaxesha, Renaissance iinkcuba babhenela ilifa yamandulo bulumko zendalo, ukunikela ingqalelo engakumbi kwinzululwazi, yaye ukuqonda eemfihlelo indalo. Ukufana kunye jonga antique bayayihlonipha kuphela elithile ukuthembeka uphiliso zehlabathi, yonke, kodwa iindlela ezahlukeneyo kakhulu yesifundo. Elahla izimvo lale lidala (ingakumbi, yemvelo ka Aristotle) kunye uzifezile iingcinga umlingo kunye nolwazi bomlingo zendalo njengenye isiqalo ephefumlelweyo. Igalelo elikhulu kulo mhlaba ezenziwe German yemithi, ugqirha kunye nabakhwitsi Paracelsus, usebenzisa umlingo ukuzama ukulawula Archaean (umphefumlo) uhlobo.

Loo pantheism Renaissance ngokuqhelekileyo iingcamango ezininzi bulumko ngelo xesha, waba isithixo phakathi ukuhlukana bulumko zendalo yenkolo.

Ukucaciswa pantheism kwiimfundiso Nikolaya Kuzanskogo

Enye abameli aqaqambe of pantheism Early Renaissance waye odumileyo waseJamani sobulumko uNikolay Kuzansky. Wayephila kwinkulungwane ye-15 (iminyaka 1401-1464). Ngaloo mihla ndafumana imfundo eqinileyo waba ngumbingeleli. Yena unesiphiwo kakhulu, uzibophelele iCawa yaye umsebenzi ngempumelelo, fanelaka 1448 a iimpawu. Enye yeenjongo eziphambili yobomi bakhe kukomeleza igunya yamaKatolika. Kunye nendima ebonakalayo kubomi leCawa eYurophu kaCusa ixesha elininzi kwiincwadi bulumko. izimvo zakhe ngokusondeleyo ekufundiseni of the Ages Aphakathi. Kodwa pantheism Nikolaya Kuzanskogo kwakhona fumene ukuthembeka engenakususwa i organic, intshukumo rhoqo kunye nophuhliso yehlabathi yaye, ke ngoko, ubuthixo zayo. Yena, ngokungafaniyo lo self-waqinisekisa ulwazi kumaXesha Aphakathi ngoThixo ihlabathi ingcamango "wafunda ngokungazi," ingcamango esisiseko leyo ukuba akukho namnye izazinzulu zomhlaba abanako ukuqonda ubungangamsha obugqibeleleyo bobungcwalisa kunye obungapheliyo.

Ifilosofi UGIORDANO Bruno

Sazi kunye mbongi, umlandeli waseCusa kunye Copernicus, sobulumko Italian ngenkulungwane ye-16 UGIORDANO Bruno yaba pantheist ngokwenene. Zonke izinto eziphilayo emhlabeni awakholwayo ngokomoya, benawo ilangatye yehambo kaThixo. Ngokutsho imfundiso yakhe, UThixo ifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zehlabathi ngaphandle kokukhetha - abakhulu incinane, ongabonwayo. Yonke imvelo umntu - uxhasa ephilayo.

Kwiinzame ukudala isizathu yembono imfundiso Copernican, wabeka phambili ingcamango ngobukho siyibambe ezininzi kwaye yonke, apho kungekho mida.

Pantheism Dzhordano uBruno, njengomntwana onengqondo Italian kwinkulungwane XVI, kamva waba ingqiqo ezaziwa le Renaissance.

Pantheism emfundisweni zeentanda-bulumko Spinoza

lemveli yentanda Spinoza - kaloku ingqikelelo aqaqambe of pantheism, wadala ixesha elitsha. wasebenzisa ndlela yokubala, njengokuba yena ngokwakhe wambiza ukuba sembono wayo ihlabathi. Bathi guided ukuba ukudala umsebenzi fundamental "Ethics", elingcwele ezikhona bulumko, indalo, uthixo, umntu. A icandelo elahlukileyo unikezelwa ingqondo yomntu, iimvakalelo, indlela yokuziphatha kunye nemiba yokuziphatha. Umbhali ichaza ngomba nganye isigqibo ulandelelwano engqongqo emva - an saziwe, ngoko - theorems kunye nobungqina zabo.

Xa kumbindi imfundiso Spinoza - ingcamango ungubani yobuntu bukaThixo kunye nempahla. Le yiprayorithi zaphezulu, indima yakhe ephambili umfanekiso opheleleyo uphawu lehlabathi bulumko mihla. Kodwa Spinoza emva kokuba Descartes iyazikhusela imbono yokuba ubukho (ekubeni) kaThixo kufuneka uze nobungqina. Ngokusekelwe iingxoxo komanduleli yakhe, uye wongezelela enkulu imfundiso yakhe: Spinoza bazitshitshisela original enikwe, a priori ubukho bukaThixo. Kodwa ke ubungqina oku Bulelani kunokwenzeka ukuba iinkolelo zilandelayo:

- kwihlabathi inani engenasiphelo izinto knowable;

- iingqondo sokuzalwa ayikwazi ukuqonda inyaniso engenakuphela ndawo ke;

- ulwazi akunakwenzeka ngaphandle ungenelelo imikhosi yangaphandle - eli gunya nguThixo.

Ngenxa yoko, ifilosofi Spinoza lwenzeka compound olungenasiphelo (zobuthixo) kunye lokugqibela (human, zendalo), kule yamva ingqineka ubukho lokuqala. Nokumbona uThixo ukho ayikwazi ukuvela ngokuzimeleyo engqondweni yomntu - linyanzela kuThixo ngokwakhe. Oku pantheism wabonisa Spinoza. Ubukho bukaThixo alohlukaniswa ehlabathini, akunakwenzeka ngaphandle kwayo. Ngaphezu koko, uThixo enxulumene ehlabathini, sizalwa zonke obubonakala. Kwakhona isizathu ngobukho lonke ihlabathi eziphilayo nezingaphiliyo kunye nonobangela ubukho bayo. Ukulandela ngokupheleleyo isithethe yentanda, Spinoza utsho uThixo into engenasiphelo ngokupheleleyo benawo ezahlukeneyo okuluphawu ngunaphakade kunye obungapheliyo.

Ukuba amanye amalungu pantheism yokubhalela imbono dualistic zehlabathi, apho kukho imiqobo emibini - uThixo ngemvelo, Spinoza kunokuba deifies ihlabathi. Olu hlobo ikhonkco namahlelo bamandulo yobuhedeni. Wildlife kuphuhliso obungunaphakade nokungazinzi koqoqosho kwaye kukho uthixo, lokuzala ngokwayo. Ngemvelo yobuThixo ayikho into eyahlukileyo, emida lihlabathi eziphathekayo, phezu koko, akukho immanent, sizalwa zonke izinto eziphilayo. Anthropomorphic, tokovanie wena uThixo wavuma xa iicawa ezininzi, kuyinto engekho ngokupheleleyo Spinoza. Ngoko ke, intanda zendalo pantheism le Renaissance lubonakaliswa kakhulu epheleleyo yimfundiso enye.

Imeko yangoku

Ngoko pantheism - oku kwintanda-bulumko nokucinga uThixo kunye nemvelo kufutshane kunye (okanye ukudibanisa), usisithunzi uThixo ukho kuzo zonke izinto eziphilayo. Nguye ngeendlela okanye omnye ekhoyo kwiimfundiso zobulumko ezahlukeneyo ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, ifike enkulu kwi Renaissance kunye mihla, kodwa awalityelwanga kwaye kamva. Kuba yawona yenkulungwane XIX, igama elithi "pantheism" ibingelilo anachronism. Ngoko ke, kwindlela nenkolelo yonqulo kunye neenqobo L. N. Tolstogo iimpawu zakhe ibonakale ngokucacileyo.

Embindini ye XIX pantheism ngenkulungwane kunjalo yanwenwa arhola ingqalelo ibandla esemthethweni. Pope Pius IX kwintetho yakhe wayethetha pantheism njengoko "isiphoso ibalulekileyo namhlanje."

Kweli hlabathi namhlanje xa pantheism - ifilosofi nonqulo yeyona nto ibalulekileyo iingcamango ezininzi, ezifana zeniyo-yobuhedeni Gala hypothesis. Yena enyanzelisa kwezinye iindlela Theosophy, ekusekeni uhlobo eyenye iinkonzo emveli monotheistic. Kumashumi eminyaka yokugqibela pantheism kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini - ukuzimisela kunye neqonga ethile yembono ye abalondolozi. It Pantheists ngokuyintloko lwaphembelela imiba enxulumene ngokwanda yolwazi ngokusingqongileyo, ebandakanya ingqalelo yoluntu yokusingqongileyo kunye nemiba eendaba. Ukuba pantheism kubonwa njengendlela njengenxalenye wobuhedeni umbono ihlabathi, ngemihla yethu, abaxhasi le mbono bazama ukwenza uhlobo oluzimeleyo inkolo ebhekiselele unqulo bobungcwele ukusuka zasendle zayo. Loo inkcazelo pantheism nenkcubeko kunye neengxaki zizizo ezinxulumene yokuduka ngokukhawuleza lweentlobo zezityalo nezilwanyana ezininzi, ziphela eziphila.

iinzame lombutho abaxhasi pantheism kukhokelele ekuyilweni ngo-1975 "uluntu pantheist jikelele," yaye ngowe-1999 - "World intshukumo pantheistic" kunye isiseko esiluqilima solwazi kwi-Internet kunye nokumelwa kuzo zonke iinethiwekhi zentlalo.

Official Vatican uyaqhubeka kuhlaselwa methodological kwi isiseko pantheism, nangona umphathi lo ngenkankulu enye indlela ubuKristu Catholic.

Pantheism - ingcamango ezingqondweni mihla, okubonisa sengqondo abazi nangenyameko umhlaba onokuphila komhlaba, kungekhona unqulo ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo eli gama.