UBharuki Spinoza (1632-1677) - kwixesha elizayo Benedict Spinoza - ummeli liphambili bulumko mihla, wahlala kwaye wasebenza kuphando eNetherlands. Wazibeka iziseko yiEnlightenment, ukugxekwa kwibhayibhile mihla kunye ingqiqo ka "Mna", kungathathwa lale Benedikt Spinoza kwinkulungwane omkhulu XVII.
"Ethics", umsebenzi angundoqo njengomntwana onengqondo, apho umngeni kwizimvo yobubini Descartes 'ingqondo nomzimba, sobulumko wazisa bagqalwa iingqondo zinamandla-bulumko Koloni. Umsebenzi i wobugcisa engenakuphikwa, leyo babengavunyelwa yi ingqikelelo imisebenzi ephakathi. Hegel wathetha ababephila ukuba bayakuvumela ukwamkela ukuba postulates ifilosofi Spinoza, okanye bengekho onke zobulumko. Nangona imisebenzi yakhe sazi yabonisa kakhulu zenzululwazi italente, ububanzi kunye nokubaluleka kwemisebenzi yayo ziye zahlolwa kuphela emva kokufa sobulumko ngayo.
Benedict Spinoza. "Ethics" kunye nemfundiso wenkqu
Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba, ukongeza iinzululwazi zabantu, sobulumko gqitha njengento kwimathematika. Akumangalisi ke, umsebenzi wakhe odumileyo, wakha phezu kwemimiselo geometry, njengoko kuthathwa umthombo imathematika olungqongqo lweenkqubo nemigaqo ye ubungqina obubonisa ukuba, xa ke, kwizigqibo ezithembakeleyo. Ekuqaleni inxalenye nganye ama ke nezimaphambili ezingundoqo, yaye ilandelwa ngu elikuwo - Iingxelo self-kuyabonakala ukuba akudingeki ukuba sesa ekugwetyelweni. Ezinye iingxelo kunye nezimvo, zona-bulumko iyintloko yomsebenzi, ngokusekelwe kula magama elikuwo kunye wagwetyelwa usebenzisa ubungqina ikhokelela Spinoza.
"Ethics" iqala ingcaciso ngolwalamano phakathi koThixo kunye indalo - yaye le yenye iinxalenye zayo ibalulekileyo. Ngokwemveli, kwakukholelwa ukuba uThixo ngaphandle ihlabathi ukuba yena walizinzisayo ngesizathu esithile, nokuba, ukuba oyifunayo, Ndizakwenza into eyahlukileyo - nganye kwezi zityholo umohlwayileyo. "UThixo ngemvelo," - utsho Spinoza. ifilosofi kwakhe kulo mba silele yokuba yonke into ekuyo yonke into efanayo yaye akupheli, nto leyo yahlulahlulwe zokudala kunye nendalo. Ngenxa yoko, le nto lokudala nguThixo, yaye zonke ezinye izinto kunye izidalwa - "olungenangqamaniso" yakhe, iyeza wadala. iindlela variable Kakade ixhomekeke ngokupheleleyo ityala layo - Thixo, ngubani na ubuntu babo ngaphakathi.
Kweli hlabathi akukho thuba, kuphetha Spinoza. "Ethics" postulates ukuba ithuba lumelo kuphela wesifundo kunye kweziyobisi Uphawu - esibaluleke engaphakathi ikho. Sobulumko wayengumxhasi Determinism nzima: zonke iziganeko babe isizathu, nkqu iimvakalelo zabantu. Ngenxa yoko, Spinoza wayesithi ukuba indalo iphela elamiselwa Zange isenzo ngokuthanda. Noko ke, sobulumko ingqalelo ngokwakhe ongakholelwayo kubukho bukaThixo. Wayeqinisekile ukuba ukunganqondwa uhlobo oluyinene lukaThixo - ngokungazi, yaye unqulo lokwenyaniso kufuneka yakhiwe kwi sisiseko sokuziphatha kunye nolwazi, ezifana lwenzululwazi.