Izizukulwana kwamalungelo oluntu: ingqiqo

Namhlanje ithathwa amalungelo angundoqo kunye nenkululeko yomntu: .. Ilungelo lokuba ukusebenza, ukuba ubebaphumzile, kwimfundo, lenkululeko yonqulo, njl Ezinye zazo kudidi amalungelo "wemvelo". Kuyinto unelungelo lokuphila, ithuba lokuba ukufundisa abantwana babo njalo njalo. Kodwa ke akusoloko. Xa iyonke iminyaka 400-500 eyadlulayo ukuba kutshanje ngemilinganiselo kwimbali yabantu, kule baninzi kakhulu ukuba amaphupha kuphela. kwemvelo ukusuka 'izixhobo ukuthetha' emntwini simahla nezizimeleyo zenzeka kwizizukulwana ezithathu amalungelo oluntu. Ngamnye kubo iphawulwa, utshintsho qualitative ezintsha kubume bentlalo. Isibakala sokuba esi sizukulwana amalungelo oluntu iza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

I okuqala

Okokuqala, ukuba ngubani ecetywayo kuqala ingqiqo. Kuba okokuqala okunikelwa ngendaleko yoluntu wahlulwe kwizizukulwana ezithathu amalungelo oluntu 1979 eStrasbourg, kwi-International Institute of Human Rights. Le mbono abeke phambili mgwe- Czech Karel Fazak.

isisekelo senkolelo

IsiZukulwana esiZuziweyo kwamalungelo oluntu - i ingqiqo ngumntu kwi Social Sciences. Akukho mntu "lali" umgaqo-nkqubo wayo ngaphantsi kwalo. Isiseko zonke zontathu ezi slogans ye-French Revolution: Liberty, yoLingano, yabafundi. I-Declaration French ye wamalungelo kunye neenkululeko waba sisiseko theoretical for kwamanye amazwe aseYurophu ne eMelika. Loo ngcamango abeke phambili e US wayo Declaration of Independence, ideology ezininzi yobusoshiyali Communist bathabatha le ngcamango njengesiseko kumzabalazo yezopolitiko.

Isizukulwana sokuqala amalungelo oluntu ( "Umthetho blue")

Isizukulwana sokuqala uyavunywa bonke zentlalo izazinzulu, amagqwetha, ababhali-mbali. Oku kuhambisana nokuqonda ithiyori oluntu kunye zendalo amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye nenkululeko :

• nelungelo lokuphila;
• on inkululeko yenkolo;
• ilungelo lokuvota;
• ilungelo lokuba wonke ubani unelungelo lokuthabatha inxaxheba kubomi kwezopolitiko kweli lizwe;
• inkqubo yobulungisa enobulungisa;
• ukuba abasebenzi free njalo njalo. d.

Namhlanje, le migaqo kubonakala kuthi zendalo, eqondakalayo. Ukuba bathe zaphukile, kusenokwenzeka ukuba aqale uphondo kakhulu kwi nalwazelelelo, ukubhala izikhalazo, qhagamshelana eendaba ukuze basasaze ukuhlukunyezwa kwi Internet thina. Ngamanye amaxesha oku kukhokelela nokurhoxa elikhulu, hlakalo sekubonakala. Kodwa ke akusoloko. 4-5 Kuphela eminyaka eyadlulayo, abantu abaninzi ndandingacingi ukuba ekuzalweni bonke ngokulinganayo. Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba amandla oluphezulu kuphela ukugqiba okumiselwe. Yiya nxamnye iziseko zoluntu - uThixo nomsindo. De kube ngoku, esi isithethe lubonakala lwemveli. Hi nga tsundzuka mzekeliso yethu, "apho wazalelwa khona apho kwaye imidlalo", "ukulalela kungcono ukuhlonela uThixo", "Musa ukuthi phambi imiphefumlo ezininzi", njalo njalo ekuqaleni waseka isiko ukungalingani wendalo ...

Ukuwa umyalelo omdala

ubume bentlalo Traditional ekutshatyalalisweni isibhengezo ilandelayo:

• Magna Carta.
• IsiNgesi Bill of Rights.
• I-Declaration French ye wamalungelo kunye neenkululeko zoluntu.
• UMqulu wamaLungelo of the United States of America.
• United States Declaration of Independence.

Zonke ezi amaxwebhu zembali ezibe ukusebenza kwinqanaba lengingqi, zenza isiseko yezixhobo zomthetho ngamazwe. wabonakala ngenxa lo mthetho ungentla Ingcamango izizukulwana ezithathu amalungelo oluntu, kunye. Nangona yokuba ixesha elide besingenalo ubume uxwebhu yoluntu. Akwaziwa ukuphuhlisa indlela kwithiyori izizukulwana kwamalungelo oluntu, ukuba imbali iye saveza imeko ezahlukeneyo: States of America wayeza baye balahlekelwa imfazwe inkululeko, kunye namandla yobukumkani eFransi wayeza kuba liye zicinezelwa izenzo yotshintsho olululo. Kodwa ke, sikholelwa ukuba uluntu iya kufikelelwa ukuba umyalelo yoluntu iye yavela namhlanje. Kwaye namhlanje, kwamanye amazwe kukho imikhosi mva ukuba bazama ukuphelisa kuphuhliso lokuqonda koluntu. Kodwa kunokuthintela uphuhliso uviwo olunye sizukulwana kwabantu. Nesisekelo wamalungelo kunye neenkululeko zoluntu ngokuthe ngcembe ihamba phambili.

Yangoku namazinga zomthetho ngamazwe

Ngokusekelwe umthetho wamazwe ngamazwe mihla-generation yokuqala izibhengezo lusekiwe:

• I-Universal Declaration of Human Rights ngo-1948.
• I-International kweSivumelwano Civil and Political Rights of 1966.
• I-European Convention on Human Rights ngo-1953.

Isizukulwana yesibini amalungelo oluntu ( "ekunene red")

Isizukulwana lwesibini kwakhona ingqalelo phantse zonke ntle. Le ngcamango ibhekisa iziganeko emva kokuba Second World War. Kubekho ukuwa impiriyali, phezu nokuxhatshazwa kwezinye iintlanga phezu kwabanye. Kuluntu ngokubonakalayo baba amalungelo ezoqoqosho nezentlalo ngokubanzi.

Ngokungafaniyo kuqala yesibini isizukulwana

Group iimpawu ezikhethekileyo isizukulwane sokuqala kwamalungelo oluntu kunye yesibini ngohlobo itafile:

ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho ishenxisa amalungelo ezopolitiko

Ngenkulungwane yama-20, amalungelo ezopolitiko kunye zendalo ngokusesikweni ahlonitshwe. Noko ke, ukubekwa amabala ezinye ukungalingani: yezentlalo kunye noqoqosho. Oku kwakuthetha ukuba abantu unelungelo lokuphila, akukho namnye unelungelo ukubulala ezitalatweni njengekhoboka, ezenzeka kwixesha elidluleyo ezininzi States slaveholding. Kodwa ke kwakungekho ukulingana kwi namalungelo ezentlalo kunye nezoqoqosho. Umzekelo, ezibhedlele abanye abantu benqaba zoncedo lokuqala ezikolweni, ezininzi zange abe nelungelo lokufumana imfundo, njalo-njalo. D.

Cinga ngemeko ukuba umphathi wesinye isikolo kamasipala baqalisa emane ukuvumela kwingqesho ngokokubona kwayo abo banelungelo lokuya esikolweni. Ngoku oku Akubonakali, kodwa kwiminyaka nje 50-100 edlulileyo kwakuyinto eqhelekileyo. Imfundo kunye nempilo care kwakujongwa yayinqabile, kubize, ezingenako ukufikelela bonke abantu. Ngoku sikuncede yokuba kukho izibhedlele kwemivuzo, amaziko emfundo, izinto ezo ezifikelelekayo abaninzi. Ukuze oku siphendula ukuba imfundo kunye nezempilo nemigangatho minye wonke. Eyahluke kuphela kwinkonzo, tinning, nokubonakaliswa yangaphandle.

Isiseko theoretical besizukulwana yesibini

Isizukulwana yesibini isekelwe ezi zixhobo zilandelayo ngamazwe zomthetho:

• KweSivumelwano on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights.
• Okwesibini Bill of Rights Roosevelt.
• I-European Social Charter.

Isizukulwana yesibini amalungelo oluntu ebizwa amalungelo "red". Bona phezulu uRhulumente ukuba ukuzalisekisa izibophelelo ezingundoqo kubo bonke abemi kwinkalo zentlalo, ezempilo, imfundo kunye njalo njalo. D.

"Amalungelo Green" - uphuhliso ingqiqo ngokuhlangeneyo yobulungisa

Isizukulwana sesithathu amalungelo oluntu kuthiwa ngokuqhelekileyo "amalungelo green". Ngokungafaniyo nezinye ezimbini, inzululwazi samagqabantshintshi ezimbalwa. Uninzi Umba wamalungelo kwabantu kulinganiselwe kwizizukulwana ezimbini. Noko ke, inkoliso akuvumelani nabo. Makhe sihlolisise iingxoxo zabo.

Uphuhliso oluqhubela phambili

Ngoko ke, isizukulwana amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko, ixesha ngalinye ukunika utshintsho ezintsha ngokomgangatho ezingqondweni yoluntu. Ukuba sizukulwana sokuqala amalungelo aphambili zendalo kunye nezopolitiko, kwindawo yesibini - le kwezentlalo nezoqoqosho, nangowesithathu - ukuyilwa wamalungelo embumba. Akukho ugxininiso nakweyiphi na i ariya kwindawo ethile. kanye umqondo uceba ukuphuhlisa amaqela tye kuzo zonke iinkalo zoluntu.

Oku kusekelwe ekubeni umntu eyedwa akakwazi ukulwela amalungelo abo bodwa. Kuyimfuneko ukuba bamanyane. Emva kokuba Second kweMfazwe Yehlabathi Kwathi nemibutho yoluntu: iimanyano zabasebenzi, imibutho yasekuhlaleni, amaqela ezopolitiko.

Nkqu Iinkampani ezinkulu zemali ukwenza umanyano: abenzi, beelori, abalimi. Injongo yazo zonke iyafana: ukulawula izenzo zabo esengozini.

Bemanyene nemibutho mikhulu shishino kunye norhulumente. Umzekelo, amazwe oli-uku rhweba sasimanyene kuOPEC ngenjongo ukuphuhlisa imithetho eqhelekileyo ezivenkileni.

Ukuba ithi ezinkulu, iinkampani ukudala ukhuseleko ezihlangeneyo, lo mntu zonke imfuneko ngakumbi ukuba sibumbane ukuba izithakazelo zabo ezidibeneyo.

Benkululeko abavumelani nalo le mbono. Bakholelwa ukuba imfuno yokukhusela ngamnye, kwaye ke iqela lonke likhuselwe. yonke imihla Esi sikhundla lutshitshe. Kwinkulungwane yama-20, umzabalazo amalungelo oluntu iye yanxulunyaniswa unqulo, ibala, iimbono ezopolitiko, abasebenzi, ulahliwe izithethe ezixabisekileyo zosapho zemveli, umtshato njalo njalo .. Ekugqibeleni kucingwa ukuba kuphela wokhuselo nemibutho uyakwazi ukukhusela amalungelo ngamnye.

iziphumo

Siye kwakhona isizukulwana amalungelo oluntu nenkululeko. Ngamafuphi. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, uluntu lwethu Awukwazi ukufumana indawo ephakathi. Soloko ilungelo lomntu omnye kukhokelela ukunyhashwa kwamalungelo omnye. Iinkqubo uhlanganiso Modern eYurophu phendla i nengxaki ezicaceleyo nkqubo nokunyamezelana. impucuko yaseNtshona ujongene maxesha anzima. Zonke izinto sokuba alwa, baba yinto engento ebusweni ngeengozi amatsha - ubunqolobi nemfuduko. Kwanele ukuba ukukhumbula amatyala yeSexual Harassment xa ukuhlasela eBerlin e Paris. Oku kungenxa yokuba i-East yemveli akayiqondi i-West ezinenkqubela. izisombululo kuyimfuneko: nokuba lokukhuselwa eMpuma, okanye ukwamkela imilinganiselo yayo. imigaqo yokuziphatha ukuba nantoni na entle Musani, ngoko abafudukayo ngokukhawuleza aqale "babethe" baseYurophu imali ezinkozo olufanayo: .. Ukuze ikhwelo lokuhamba, ukunyamezelana, ukulingana yonxulumano kwezemisebenzi.