Karhulumente Slave: imfundo, ifomu, isakhiwo

Iziko lobukhoboka yaba neyintsika yoqoqosho lidala nobudala. yabasebenzi unyanzelisa ukuvelisa iinzuzo kumakhulu amaninzi eminyaka. LaseYiputa, umzi-Aram phakathi kwemiLambo, Greece, eRome - ubukhoboka yaba yinxalenye ebalulekileyo kuzo zonke ezi impucuko. Ekuveleni kudala kunye kumaXesha Aphakathi ukubuyisela kuye feudalism.

ukubunjwa

Ngokwembali, ukuba urhulumente khoboka yaba uhlobo yokuqala karhulumente, emva yokubola kwenkqubo abangekaphuhli zoluntu. Society yahlulwe migangatho, kukho izityebi namahlwempu. Ngenxa yale impixano, kunye neziko yobukhoboka kwavela. Kuye lusekelwe ngebhaxa phezu inkosi leyo isiseko ngoko urhulumente.

Ithi Ikhoboka lokuqala ngelo Ekuveleni sesine - yeminyaka BC yesithathu. Ezi ziquka ubukumkani baseYiputa, eAsiriya, kwakunye isixeko Sumerians entilini omEfrati iTigris. Xa BC nkulungwane yesibini, loo ngokobuninzi kwasekwa China nase India. Ekugqibeleni, ithi eyokuqala yayiquka, yaye ubukumkani koonyana bakaHeti.

Iintlobo kunye neentlobo

mbali Modern uwahlule lithi ikhoboka yamandulo ngeentlobo eziliqela kunye neefom. Uhlobo lokuqala luquka despotism oriental. Into ebalulekileyo wabo wokulondoloza ezinye iimpawu ezindala zoluntu kwakudala. ubukhoboka kwesilisa waba abangekaphuhli - wavunyelwa ukuba usapho kunye impahla umkhonzi wakhe. In ithi kamva antique, lo msebenzi osemqoka unyamalele. Ukongeza nobunini babucala kumakhoboka, kwakukho ubukhoboka ngokuhlangeneyo, xa amakhoboka aphantsi okanye iitempile.

lamandla oluntu isetyenziswa kakhulu kwezolimo. despotism Oriental eqalisiweyo ezintlanjeni imilambo, kodwa nokuba kunjalo, kwafuneka ukuphucula ezolimo ngokwakha iinkqubo zokunkcenkceshela ezintsonkothileyo. Ngokuphathelele la makhoboka asebenza kwi qela. Nalo msebenzi despotism oriental ezinxulumene ubukho zoluntu ke ezolimo.

Kamva yamandulo slaveholding States zakha uhlobo yesibini mazwe - lwamaGrike namaRoma. Wayebalasele yi oluphuculweyo imveliso kunye kwaliwa epheleleyo iintsalela kwakudala. iintlobo ngophuhliso zokuxhaphaza, ke ingcinezelo abangcangcazelisi yenkitha kunye yokugonyamela kwabo sele ifikelele incopho yayo. ubunini Collective batshintsha propati yabucala wabanini makhoboka. Yaba ukungalingani kwezentlalo kunye ubunganga kunye sikweni kwiiklasi ezibukhali esahlukileyo.

Greco-Roman karhulumente khoboka zikhona ngokwimiselo phantsi apho amakhoboka wavuma izinto kunye nabavelisi ubutyebi bulunge ukuba abanini bazo. Abayi bathengise umsebenzi wabo, ukuba kuthengiswe iinkosi zabo. amaxwebhu yamandulo imisebenzi yobugcisa ngokucacileyo ndiyangqina ukuba le miba. Eli khoboka Uhlobo lombuso wacebisa ukuba bebonke isiphelo lekhoboka xa nkoka i bayahlelwa izilwanyana okanye iimveliso.

Abantu baba ngamakhoboka ngenxa yezizathu ezahlukeneyo. ERoma yamandulo, amakhoboka wathi amabanjwa emfazwe zamajoni athinjwe amaphulo. Kwakhona, abantu baya kulahlekelwa ukuba akwazi ukuhlawula amatyala kunye kubaboleki. Ingakumbi eqhelekileyo lo mkhuba e-India. Okokugqibela, urhulumente ikhoboka onokwenza ikhoboka umoni.

Slaves and semi-free

Nokuxhaphaza yaye bexhatshazwa aba sisiseko kuluntu yamandulo. Kodwa ngaphandle kwabo apho, kunye neeklasi zeqela lesithathu abemi isiqingatha-free and free. EBhabhiloni, China ne-Indiya, aba kwamagcisa kunye nabalimi-abakhululekileyo nabangamakhoboka. E Athens, kwakukho udidi metics - bahlala kwilizwe abasemzini kwanamaGrike. Kwakhona kubo zichongwe wawumanya ukuthanda amakhoboka. Ngokufanayo ke iklasi Peregrino, olwalukho uBukhosi baseRoma. Ngoko wabiza-amadoda simahla ngaphandle ngummi waseRoma. Olunye udidi ezimbini yoluntu yamaRoma kutsho amathanga - nabalimi belizwe xa bebonke abathe incamathele kumanxuwa eziqeshiweyo kwaye ngandlela ezininzi yayifana yesondo abalimi kwexesha feudalism ephakathi.

Kungakhathaliseki uhlobo karhulumente khoboka, nasakhulayo kunye namagcisa babehlala sisengozini egciniswe ekonakaleni kunye nabanini enkulu. abasebenzi Free baba anisizakali kuko kubaqeshi, njengoko ngomsebenzi wabo wahlala zibiza kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa nzima ngamakhoboka. Ukuba abalimi baphele emhlabeni, kungekudala abhalisa ezintlwini lumpen, ingakumbi abo ezinkulu eAthene neRoma.

isimo ikhoboka inertia ukuyiveza zinyhasha amalungelo abo kunye namalungelo ezipheleleyo amakhoboka. Ngenxa yoko, imiqolo kunye Peregrines musa kuwa phantsi isiphumo ngokupheleleyo komthetho wamaRoma. Abalimi wayengase azithengise, kunye isiza ezazinamathelisiwe kuyo. Hayi ukuba ngamakhoboka, ke aziyi kuqwalaselwa kwaye simahla.

imisebenzi

inkcazo epheleleyo karhulumente khoboka akakwazi ukwenza ngaphandle kukhankanywa imisebenzi yayo yangaphakathi nangaphandle. Imisebenzi ye amandla ukuqonda isiqulatho lomphakathi, iinjongo, iinjongo kunye nomnqweno wokulondoloza umyalelo omdala. Ukudalwa zonke izimo ezidingekayo ukuze ukusetyenziswa kwabasebenzi khoboka bawonakalisile abantu - imisebenzi ephambili yangaphakathi ukuba enze urhulumente khoboka. Amazwe abanamajoni ezahlukeneyo isixhobo enjalo ekuhlangabezeni iimfuno begazi umgangatho wentlalo elibalaseleyo, abanini ezinkulu, njalo njalo. D.

Ingakumbi ngokucacileyo lo mgaqo yabonakala eYiputa yamandulo. Xa ubukumkani kwimpuma amandla ezilawulwa ngokupheleleyo uqoqosho kunye nemisebenzi karhulumente nemibutho, apho izihlwele ezikhulu abantu ababandakanyekayo. Iiprojekthi ezinjalo kunye 'nokwakhiwa kwenkulungwane "yayifuneka ukuze kwakhiwe zemijelo kunye nezinye izibonelelo, ukuphucula amandla kwi ukungaphatheki iimeko zendalo ifama.

Njengayo nayiphi na inkqubo karhulumente, inkqubo ikhoboka ayikwazanga khona ngaphandle ekuqinisekiseni ukhuseleko yayo. Ngoko ke, amandla kula mazwe ezazisenza yonke ukucinezela loqhankqalazo amakhoboka kunye nabanye abantu baseRoma abacinezelwa. Le ukhuselo kwakhona kukwaquka ukhuselo kwipropati yabucala wekhoboka. Imfuneko kuba apho. Umzekelo, eRome, kwezakhi esezantsi kwimvukelo kwenzeka rhoqo, kwaye imvukelo uSpartacus kwiminyaka 74-71. BC. e. bonke aba kaHomer.

izixhobo ingcinezelo

Uhlobo karhulumente khoboka lusoloko kusetyenziswa izixhobo ezifana neenkundla, umkhosi kunye entolongweni ngenxa ingcinezelo nxamnye zaneliswe. E Sparta, yayamkela umkhuba umboniso ngamaxesha inqwaba abantu abakuloo domain loluntu. Izenzo ezinjalo sazela ebizwa crypto. ERoma, ukuba ikhoboka wabulala master amandla akhe ukohlwaya umbulali wabulawa nje kuphela, kodwa bonke amakhoboka ababehlala naye phantsi kophahla olunye. Eli siko yabangela msebenzi kunye noxanduva oludibeneyo.

Slave karhulumente, urhulumente feudal kunye namanye amazwe zexesha elidlulileyo wazama ukuphembelela abantu ngenxa unqulo. Kukwenziwa amakhoboka kunye nokungabikho amalungelo wavakalisa imiyalelo abangcwele. Amakhoboka amaninzi wayengazi ubomi simahla, njengoko kubonakalisiwe ipropati kwi elisele nokuzalwa, ngoko ke kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso inkululeko. iinkolo yobuhedeni yamandulo, ideologically ukukhusela umsebenzi, wanceda ukomeleza abakhonzi ekufezekisweni endaweni yaso yesiqhelo.

Ukongeza kwimisebenzi yangaphakathi ziye imisebenzi karhulumente ebaxhaphazayo bangaphandle. Ukuphuhliswa kwamazwe khoboka kwakuthetha imfazwe rhoqo kunye nabamelwane balo, kuloyiso amakhoboka kwabantu abatsha, eyikhusela impahla yabo evela ubungozi, ukudala inkqubo yolawulo olusebenzayo izwe okuhlala. Kufuneka iqondwe into yokuba le misebenzi yangaphandle in close contact kunye nemisebenzi yangaphakathi. Bona kuqinise kwaye ezihlobeneyo.

Protection ukuhleleka

Ukwenza imisebenzi bangaphakathi kunye nabangaphandle bekukho izixhobo karhulumente. Ngelo kusekwangoko izinto zazivelela lamaziko yenkqubo ngamakhoboka, lo mshini ngokwaneleyo kunye lula. Ngokuthe ngcembe, waba namandla kunye ikhula. Kungenxa yoko le nto oomatshini yolawulo izixeko bamaSumeri ayinakuze ithelekiswe kunye izixhobo ze uBukhosi baseRoma.

Ngakumbi nangakumbi namaqembu. Ukongeza, oko kwandiswa inkqubo yenkundla. Amaziko ayangenana. Umzekelo, eAthene uV kwiinkulungwane. BC. e. ulawulo lwemigaqo-nkqubo yaba bule - iBhunga Five Hundred. Ngophuhliso lwenkqubo karhulumente ukuze kongezwe amagosa anyuliweyo kwakungo kwimicimbi zomkhosi. Yaba Hipparchus kunye strategists. Kwakhona Ngokuba imisebenzi yolawulo yayingabantu uxanduva - arhopty. Yaba inkundla ezimeleyo arhente ezinxulumene zamahlelo enkolo. Imfundo slaveholding States ekhulisa kalukhuni ngendlela efanayo - i ingxaki ze kwisixhobo solawulo. Amagosa kunye nabezomkhosi ayikwazanga inxulumene ngqo ebukhobokeni, kodwa imisebenzi yabo ngandlel akhuselekile inkqubo yezopolitiko esekwe kakuhle kunye nozinzo yayo.

Iklasi abantu abazibona kwinkonzo karhulumente, kwasekwa kuphela ngokungqinelana kunye nezizathu neklasi. izikhundla eziphezulu kungathatha yazi kuphela. Abemele ezinye iyaxela loluntu kwimeko engcono ukwenzeka, yona phezu rungs asezantsi izixhobo karhulumente. Ngokomzekelo, eAthens, ze amakhoboka kwakhiwa ngezigaba, ukwenza imisebenzi emapoliseni.

Indima ebalulekileyo eyadlalwa ngababingeleli. isimo sabo, njengoko umthetho, ayinakutshintshwa kuwiso-mthetho, kunye nempembelelo wabo ebalulekileyo amagunya amaninzi yamandulo - eYiputa, iBhabhiloni, eRoma. Nya nokuziphatha kunye neengqondo iindimbane. iitempile abalungiseleli abenziwe amandla isixhobo ubuntu babezinikele ngukumkani olandelayo. Umsebenzi ebabecinga nabantu bya kakhulu le nkqubo ikhoboka States. amalungelo ababingeleli baba olunzulu - benza wamnika ilungelo yaye nentlonipho jikelele, uloyiko akhuthaze abanye ekuhlaleni. imikhuba yenkolo namasiko babegqalwa engcwele, enika inviolability abefundisi kwempahla kunye umntu.

inkqubo yezopolitiko kunye nemithetho

Zonke ithi ikhoboka yamandulo, kuquka Eyokuqala ithi ikhoboka phezu kummandla Russia (i amathanga Greek kunxweme Sea Black), safaka umyalelo ngokusebenzisa imithetho. Bona elibekwa ludidi umlinganiswa kuluntu lwanamhlanje. imizekelo ezicacileyo kwemithetho ezinjalo imithetho Solon, Athene kunye nomthetho waseRoma Servius Tullius. Baye Kusekwe norm ukungalingani impahla kunye wabahlula umphakathi Ingxenye. Umzekelo, e-India ezinjalo iiseli ekuthiwa nangokodidi Varna.

Xa lithi ikhoboka kummandla kwilizwe lethu akwasala ngasemva ayenemithetho yawo, ababhali-mbali ehlabathini lonke ukuhlola kwaqala yaseBhabhiloni uHammurabi okanye "Book of Laws" of China yamandulo. isixhobo salo olu hlobo ikhona India. Xa BC ngenkulungwane II. e kwakukho imithetho Manu. Balahlula amakhoboka ngokweendidi ezisixhenxe: kunikelwe, yathengwa, ilifa ilifa, baba ngamakhoboka njengoko sisohlwayo bethabatha kumaxhoba ababeze nawo, amakhoboka ukuba umxholo kunye amakhoboka azalelwe endlwini yomnini. Baye kukuba bonke aba bantu yayahluke ngokupheleleyo ngaphandle amalungelo, yaye nakwizibetho zabo uxhomekeke ngokupheleleyo inceba yomnini.

imiyalelo efanayo zarekhodwa kwi imithetho waseBhabhiloni ukumkani uHammurabi, sibhalwe kwi BC ngenkulungwane XVIII. e. Lo igumbi Kuthiwa ukuba inkosi khoboka, wala ukuba bakhonze okanye abaphikayo, ufanele wamnqamla indlebe yakhe. khoboka uncedo ukuze basinde na sono silingenwe kukufa entombini (oku kunjalo amadoda free).

Enoba amaxwebhu ezizodwa waseBhabheli, India kunye namanye amazwe yamandulo, imithetho ezininzi ogqibeleleyo zithathwa imithetho baseRoma. Phantsi impembelelo yabo, wabumba kweekhowudi kwamanye amazwe amaninzi ngoweqela lenkcubeko yaseNtshona. umthetho waseRoma, nto leyo eyaba ithi Byzantine waphenjelelwa kwaye eyayilikhoboka kummandla Russia, kuquka Kievan Rus.

Xa ubukhosi lamaRoma lugqibelele ilifa zaye zaphuhliswa kumaziko abucala impahla, sokubambisa, mboleko, ukugcinwa, ukuthenga nokuthengisa. Into zomthetho nezobudlelwane enjalo kuba ngamakhoboka, ngenxa yokuba ingqalelo kungekuphela nje imveliso okanye impahla. Umthombo le mithetho izithethe zamaRoma ezaqala kumaxesha amandulo, xa kungekho ubukhosi okanye ubukumkani, yaye kwakukho kuphela noluntu kwakudala. Esebenzisa kwizithethe kwizizukulwana ezidlulileyo, amagqwetha amaninzi yaye kamva kwasekwa inkqubo yomthetho ithi eziphambili kudala.

Oku kwakukholelwa ukuba imithetho abangamaRoma ukusebenza, njengoko "bagqiba zaza zamkelwa abantu baseRoma" (njengoko le nto ayikho inxalenye plebs nabangamahlwempu). Le mida zijongwe ubudlelwane slave kangangeenkulungwane eziliqela. izenzo zomthetho ezibalulekile lwemithetho oomantyi, apapashwa ngoko nangoko emva wokubekwa elinye igosa eliphezulu.

Ukuxhaphaza amakhoboka

Amakhoboka kusetyenziselwa kuphela umsebenzi wokulima apha elalini, kodwa ngenxa ulondolozo zendlu Manor. Amabanjwa vika emafeni bahlala odolo zazo, elungiswe ekhitshini, walinda etafileni, kuthenga ukutya. Ukuba akwazi ukwenza imisebenzi ndingaphelekwanga, ukulandela ukuhamba, umsebenzi, kuzingela umniniyo, yaye naphi na apho zicima ityala. Buthani ngenxa ukunyaniseka kwayo kunye nentlonipho ingqondo, ikhoboka ufumana ithuba lokuba bancedisa abantwana yomnini. Uninzi abakhonzi eyiyona besebenza kwityala okanye abaveleli abamiselweyo amakhoboka ezintsha.

umsebenzi onzima emzimbeni wabelwa ukuba ngamakhoboka, ngenxa yokuba Elite babexakekile ukukhusela urhulumente kunye nokwanda kwayo abamelwane yayo. imiyalelo efanayo eqhelekileyo ingakumbi nakwiiriphabliki ahlukile. Amandla yorhwebo okanye amathanga, apho kuyatyatyamba intengiso kwemithombo enqabileyo, abanyashi babeqeshelwa imicimbi zorhwebo inzuzo. Ngenxa yoko, umsebenzi wokulima amagunya amakhoboka. le ukwabiwa kwamandla, umzekelo, eKorinte.

Athens, ngokuchasene noko, ixesha elide kugcinwa izenzo zabo solusapho zolimo. Naphantsi Pericles, xa lo mgaqo-nkqubo zafikelela ngexesha layo kwezopolitiko, abemi ezamahala zithanda ukuhlala ezilalini. Imikhwa enjalo basindiswa ixesha elide, nangona ukutyebiseka yorhwebo wesixeko kunye ezihonjiswe umsebenzi ezizodwa.

Amakhoboka abo ephethwe yi mzi, babesenza umsebenzi uphuculo wabo. Ezinye zazo benza ekukhuseleni kolawulo lomthetho. Ngokomzekelo, eAthens, equka umzimba iwaka abatoli amaSkitiya. ekwenzeni imisebenzi zamapolisa. Amakhoboka amaninzi emkhosini kunye weenqanawa. Abanye babo inkonzo yokuthumela abanini ngamnye. La makhoboka baba noomatiloshe, abayinyamekelayo iinqanawa kunye nezixhobo. Emkhosini, kwakukho ubukhulu becala abasebenzi. Amajoni ke kwenziwa kuphela ingozi ekhawulezileyo kurhulumente. EGrisi, kwimeko enjalo ekhulisa ngexesha Wars basePersi, okanye ekupheleni ekulweni phambili singamaRoma.

umthetho bempi

E Rome, amakhoboka izakhelo bezaliswe ikakhulu ukusuka ngaphandle. Ukuze benze oku, kweli lizwe, kwaye emva koko ke ubukhosi wenza ekuthiwa-mthetho imfazwe. Utshaba, owathunyelwa ikhonkxwa, anqunyulwe onke amalungelo oluntu. Wafumana ngokwakhe ngaphandle komthetho kwaye ayeke ukuba ingqalelo umntu ngengqiqo ngokupheleleyo eli gama. ibanjwa Umtshato inqanyulelwe isivumelwano, his legacy kwavuleka.

basemzini abaninzi makhoboka babulawa emva ngokoyisa mbhiyozo. Amakhoboka bangamazi ukuba ukuthatha inxaxheba zokonwabisa nokulwa ijoni laseRoma xa ezimbini ezingeyonzalelwane ukubulala omnye ukuze asinde. Emva kokuba kuthinjwe eSisili phezu kwalo wasebenzisa ukubulawa. Wonke umntu seshumi wabulawa - ukuze abantu wathimba siqithi ubusuku Sehle yeshumi elinye. Spain ne Cisalpine eGaul ekuqaleni rhoqo wagwilika ulawulo waseRoma. Ngenxa yoko, la maphondo ababenkqenkqeza eziphambili engamakhoboka kwiriphabliki.

Ngexesha lemfazwe lakhe malivakale eGaul, kwaoko Caesar yayithengiswa amakhoboka ezintsha 53.000 phakathi bakhona. Imithombo ezifana Plutarch ne-Apiyo, okhankanywe kwiincwadi zakhe malunga namanani asezantsi kakhulu. Kuba naliphi na umba karhulumente khoboka ukuba azazi kuthinjwe amakhoboka, kunye nokugcinwa kwazo. Ngokomzekelo, abemi ESardinia kunye Spain, edume recalcitrance yayo, ngenxa yoko amadoda amazwe begazi baseRoma wazama ukuba athengise, ukuba uthe wahlala enjengoko izicaka zabo. Xa Republic waba uBukhosi kunye neemfuno zawo abagubungele yonke kwiMeditera, kwimimandla engundoqo amakhoboka endaweni zabathengisi asentshona baye kumazwe asempuma, ekubeni kukho isithethe ebukhobokeni ayeza kummiselo kwizizukulwana ezininzi.

End of nceku ithi

UBukhosi baseRoma zadilizwa BC ngenkulungwane V. e. Yena waye kudala yokugqibela classical States wadibanisa phantse lonke ihlabathi lamandulo ongqonge uLwandle lweMeditera. Ukusuka kwaba Isiqwenga enkulu mpuma, nto leyo kamva owabizwa ngokuba yoBukhosi baseByzantium. Kwi-West, uMenzi ebizwa ngokuba yi-izikumkani iqaba, leyo wajika AMAGQABAZA ▸ yaseYurophu uhlanga ithi.

Zonke ezi States ngcembe baye bafudukela kwixesha zembali elitsha - bamaXesha Aphakathi. nesiseko sayo zomthetho baba neentlobano wobukhosi. Bafaka Institute of yobukhoboka zakudala. Ukuxhomekeka abalimi ukusuka izikhulu atyebileyo ngakumbi basinda, kodwa uye kwezinye iintlobo, leyo lwahluke yokukhotyokiswa yamandulo.