Amakhoboka - ngubani na ezinjalo? Isimo ngokomthetho amakhoboka eRoma nakwiYiputa yamandulo

Kuyo yonke imbali yoluntu eninzi Kubikwe xa ngokubhekiselele kwiindidi ezithile zabantu asebenzise umthetho, nokulingana ukuba lo propati. Umzekelo, kuyaziwa ukuba urhulumente enamandla efana eYiputa Bamandulo uBukhosi baseRoma zakhiwa kwimigaqo ubukhoboka.

Ngubani na lo umkhonzi

Kangangamawaka eminyaka iingqondo engcono yabantu, kungakhathaliseki ukuba ubuzwe nenkolo yabo, walwela ukuba inkululeko ngamnye kwaye iyaqinisekisa ukuba bonke abantu bafanele alingana amalungelo abo phambi komthetho. Ngelishwa, kwaqengqeleka iminyaka engaphezu kwewaka phambi kokuba ezi mfuno iyabonakaliswa emthethweni kumazwe amaninzi ehlabathini, yaye ngaphambi koko, izizukulwana abaninzi abantu baye babona ukuba kuthetha ukuthini ukuba ulinganiswa izinto ezingaphiliyo kwaye ndayihluthwa ithuba ukulahla ubomi babo. Umbuzo: "Ngubani na ikhoboka?" Unako ukuphendula ngokucaphula le nkcazo-jikelele engeemfanelo zoluntu ye-UN. Ngokukodwa, ithi ukuba inkcazelo enjalo ilungele ukuba nawuphi na umntu ukuba nako ngokwabo ukuze ukuyeka emsebenzini. Ukongeza, igama elithi "ikhoboka," nayo ngokuba umntu, ezizequmrhu ngomnye umntu.

Njani ubukhoboka njenge into mass

Uyinqaba njengoko kuvakala unakho, kodwa ababhali-mbali bakholelwa ukuba sibalulekile ukuze kukwenziwa amakhoboka kwabantu yaba uphuhliso zobugcisa. Inyaniso kukuba phambi kokuba umntu ezinokuvula ngemigudu yabo inani iimveliso ngaphezu kwaba yimfuneko ukuba ngokwayo ukuze siphile, ubukhoboka yaba lukhuni ngokwezoqoqosho, ukuze abo bathatha ikhonkxwa, babulawa nje. Le meko xa ukufuya baba wabulela ezinye iindleko-ezisebenzayo ukuvela izixhobo ezitsha. Sisihlandlo sokuqala ubukho ithi apho wasetyenziswa yabasebenzi khoboka, kubhekisela ekuqaleni ka III kwiwaka. BC. e. Abaphandi qaphela ukuba lo bubukumkani encinane eMesopotamiya. Ezininzi ukhankanya amakhoboka ezifumaneka kwiTestamente eNdala. Ngokukodwa, uzicacisa izizathu ezininzi zokuba abantu nokusebenzisa kwinqwanqwa engephi esiphezulu. Ngoko ke, ngokutsho Book of iincwadi, amakhoboka - akukho kuphela amabanjwa, kodwa abo abazifumana akakwazi ukuhlawula ityala, watshata ikhoboka, okanye amasela, abo bangazange bakwazi ukufumana kwakhona ebiweyo okanye ukubuyekeza umonakalo. Ngaphezu koko, ekufunyanweni ngemeko yaloo mntu kwakuthetha ukuba inzala yakhe nazo phantse ukuba akukho ithuba osemthethweni ukuba ukhululwe.

amakhoboka Egyptian

Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ababhali-mbali okwangoku anikangeni kwisivumelwano malunga ubume babantu 'ezamahala "ebukumkanini yamandulo olawulwa ngoofaro. Enoba kunjalo, kuyaziwa ukuba amakhoboka eYiputa babegqalwa njengenxalenye ekuhlaleni, yaye baphathwa ngendlela enovelwano. Ingakumbi abantu abaninzi apho Kwanyanzeleka yabasebenzi kwi Ixesha zoBukumkani ezintsha, xa nokuqheleka amaYiputa yokuzikhethela abe ngabakhonzi abangabakhe kubo ilungelo lobunini. Noko ke, njengokuba umthetho, azikho zisetyenziswa abavelisi bezolimo aze avunyelwe ukuba ukudala intsapho. Ngokumalunga kwixesha lamaGrike, amakhoboka eYiputa ebudeni bolawulo lukaPtolemy wahlala ngendlela efanayo abanale zabo nabo kwamanye amazwe, nto leyo kwasekwa emva ekuweni ubukhosi Aleksandra Makedonskogo. Ngenxa yoko, sinokuthi malunga nenkulungwane IV BC uqoqosho yeyona lizwe unamandla kumantla kwilizwekazi le-Afrika, oko kusekelwe kwimveliso kweemveliso zezolimo abalimi simahla.

Amakhoboka Mandulo Greece

Modern kwimpucuko yaseYurophu, naphambi kwavela yaseRoma yamandulo ngokusekelwe isiGrike yamandulo. Kwaye yena, naye, yonke impumelelo yakhe, kuquka yenkcubeko, sanyanzeleka ukuba ngamakhoboka indlela kwimveliso. Njengoko sele kukhankanyiwe, ubume yendoda simahla kwihlabathi amandulo zidla elilahlekileyo ngenxa wokubamba. Kwaye njengoko Greek isixeko-ithi onke esilwa imfazwe-nye, inani amakhoboka landa. Ukongeza, le iwonga sabelwe sokuboleka abatshonileyo metekam - nabangeneleli bazimela kwintlawulo yerhafu kaNondyebo kaRhulumente. Phakathi kwezinto ezininzi amaninzi luxanduva amakhoboka eGrisi yamandulo, sinako ukwahlula zoku-, kwakunye nomsebenzi ezimayini, kwi Navy (bengababheqi) kwaye nkqu emkhosini. Kwenzeka ukuba, kwimeko yokugqibela, amajoni usibonisileyo nenkalipho, angene endle, kunye nabanini bazo babuyekezwe ilahleko enxulumene kunye nelahleko wekhoboka, ngeendleko karhulumente. Ngoko ke, nkqu nabo bazalwa na ezamahala, wafumana ithuba ukutshintsha isimo sabo.

wamakhoboka aseRoma

Njengoko kuboniswa basinda amaxwebhu zembali, eGrisi yamandulo, uninzi lwabantu anqunyulwe ngelungelo labo ukulahla ubomi babo, kwakukho amaGrike. Ihluke kwenzeka ngo eRoma yamandulo. Ngapha koko, lo mbuso kwakusoloko kuyimfazwe nabamelwane zayo ezininzi, nto leyo esisizathu sokuba amakhoboka yamaRoma - ikakhulu basemzini. Uninzi lwabo bazalwa bekhululekile, yaye ngokufuthi wazama ukubaleka baze babuyele ekhaya. Ukongezelela, ngokutsho iitafile ezilishumi, leyo abangaphucukanga ngokupheleleyo ekuqondeni umntu mihla, uyise ukuba athengise abantwana babo ebukhobokeni. Ngethamsanqa, ubonelelo yokugqibela ikhona kuphela kude zokwamkelwa umthetho iihenjisi apho amakhoboka kumthetho yamaRoma - ngubani uyiyo nantoni na kodwa ngamaRoma. Ngamanye amazwi, umntu simahla, a abangenakwazi kwaye patrician kakhulu kuyo nayiphi na imeko ayikwazanga ibe likhoboka. Kwangaxeshanye, asingabo bonke abantu kolu didi zange ziphatheke kakuhle. Umzekelo, kwindawo kunokuba ilungelo baba ngamakhoboka ekhaya, kuba asoloko baqonda ngabanini amalungu entsapho. Ukongeza, ukuba angaba simahla ngu Mnu ilifa okanye iinkonzo kwintsapho yakhe.

Eyona edumileyo kwimvukelo yekhoboka laseRoma

Umnqweno inkululeko uhlala ngomntu wonke. Ngoko ke, nangona abanini babecinga ukuba ngamakhoboka abo - yinto umnqamlezo phakathi izixhobo ezingaphiliyo ze apakishe izilwanyana, ayedla wavuka kwimvukelo. Ezi amatyala mass ukungathobeli ngokuqhelekileyo ngenkohlakalo bacinezelwa ngabasemagunyeni. Esi siganeko edume ngohlobo lwayo - le ebhalwe amaxwebhu embali - uthathwa ukuba imvukelo likhoboka eyayikhokelwa nguSpartacus. Oku kwenzeka kwixesha ukususela kwiminyaka 74 ukuya 71 yeXesha lethu, kwaye yayiququzelelwe izilwi. Isibakala sokuba abavukeli kulawulwa malunga emithathu ukugcina zam baseRoma Yeengwevu, ababhali-mbali baye kwenziwa kukuba ngelo xesha, abasemagunyeni azikhange zikwazi ukuba alahlele ngokuchasene umkhosi wamakhoboka abaqeqeshiweyo iiyunithi zomkhosi, njengoko phantse yonke imikhosi babesilwa eSpeyin, e-Asia Minor kunye eThrace. Emva kokuphumelela eziliqela loyiso eliphezulu-profile, umkhosi uSpartacus, undoqo kuzo amakhoboka baseRoma abaqeqeshelwe ukulwa ngelo xesha, nangona olwaludiliziwe, waza wafa edabini, mhlawumbe ezandleni ijoni ogama Felix.

Ukuvukela eYiputa Ancient

iziganeko efanayo, kodwa, ke, yaziwa kakhulu kangako, ukuba kukho kwiinkulungwane ezininzi ngaphambi kokusekwa eRoma, ngasechwebeni loMnayile, ekupheleni kuMbindi yoBukumkani. Ngabo umzekelo ochazwe "Lecture Noferrehu" - ngqangi, apho igcinwa kwi Petersburg Hermitage. Noko ke, kolu xwebhu ziphawuleka ukuba qhankqalazo wavuswa nabalimi abahlwempuzekileyo, kwaye emva koko ke kwangena ngamakhoboka, ubukhulu becala abasuka Asia Minor. Kuyaphawuleka ukuba ubungqina walondoloza ebonisa ukuba amalungu lombhodamo wafuna ngokuyintloko ukuze atshabalalise mpepha ziye amalungelo kunye namalungelo abantu abazizityebi ezirekhodiweyo. Oku kuthetha ukuba amakhoboka babekholelwa ukuba ityala ngengxaki imithetho yazo yokungekho sikweni baseYiputa, KuloMgabuli abantu ezamahala kunye namakhoboka. Njengoko imvukelo uSpartacus, wemvukelo waseYiputa iye abathintela, yaye amalungu alo - kalukhuni batshatyalaliswe.

imithetho aseRoma ngokuphathelene amakhoboka

Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba imithetho mihla kumazwe amaninzi zisekelwe phezu komthetho wamaRoma. Ngoko ke, njengako kuye onke amadoda bohlulwa ngokweendidi ezimbini: abemi mahala (inxalenye wawuyinyhweba uluntu) kunye namakhoboka (oku asezantsi, ngoko ukuthetha, uphose). Ngokutsho komthetho, akukho mntu free akujongwa iqumrhu elisemthethweni elahlukileyo kwaye engenawo amandla omthetho. Ngokukodwa, kwiimeko ezininzi - ukusuka kwindawo esemthethweni imbono - wenza mhlawumbi njengoko into kobudlelwane zomthetho, njengoko nokuba "sithetha isixhobo". Kulo mzekelo, ukuba ikhoboka watshata umfazi simahla okanye ikhoboka watshata umntu simahla, ababanga nako ukufumana ukhululo. Ukongeza, umzekelo, zonke amakhoboka owayehlala Mnu phantsi kophahla olunye, kwafuneka ukuba abulawe ukuba umnini babulala ezindongeni zendlu. Kubulungisa kufuneka kuthiwa e Ixesha uBukhosi baseRoma, t. E. Emva 27 BC, zaqaliswa izohlwayo namanenekazi ngenkohlakalo kumakhoboka akhe.

Imithetho ephathelele amakhoboka eYiputa yamandulo

Isimo kumakhoboka ukwimeko ilawulwa ooFaro, ngokusemthethweni ngokwasemthethweni. Ngokukodwa, kwakukho imithetho ukuthintela ngamakhoboka ukubulala, ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukutya kunye nokuba kufuneka ukuba ahlawule iindidi ezithile zomsebenzi khoboka. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba kwezinye izenzo esemthethweni amakhoboka ngokuba "ilungu ufile lentsapho", apho abaphandi enxulumene awohluke ze kwinkangeleko zonqulo abemi baseYiputa yamandulo. Ngelo xesha, abantwana umntu simahla, owazalwa ikhoboka, xa ecela utata ukufumana iwonga simahla kwaye afanelekele isabelo selifa belingana kunye nenzala osemthethweni.

Ubukhoboka ne US: icala lomthetho solu shicilelo

Enye simo, impumelelo kwezoqoqosho lukwisigaba ekuqaleni yophuhliso yayisekelwe ukusetyenziswa yabasebenzi khoboka, le United States. Yinto eyaziwayo ukuba amakhoboka wokuqala omnyama wavela kweli lizwe ngo-1619. Negros amakhoboka amazwe eUnited States de kwinkulungwane ye-19, yaye ngokutsho izazinzulu kweli lizwe bamakhoboka lwathunyelwa ukusuka eAfrika ukuya elipheleleyo labantu 645.000. Okubangel 'umdla kukuba uninzi imithetho ephathelele "Abantu madolw' ezinjalo, wenziwa kule bamashumi yokugqibela phambi kokuba ulwamkelo Amendment yeshumi elinesithathu. Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-1850 i-Congress US Ugqithise isenzo echaphazela kakubi isikhundla ngokwasemthethweni amakhoboka. Ngokutsho kuyo, inani labantu onke amazwe, kuquka nabo apho ngexesha wokwamkelwa layo sele owakubhangisayo okunene ubukhoboka, wayalelwa ukuba bathathe inxaxheba kuthinjwe amakhoboka azimelayo. Ngaphezu koko, umthetho ubonelela kwesohlwayo nkqu nabo abemi ezamahala eyanceda abamnyama, Ndisinde iinkosi zabo. Njengoko usazi, nangona zonke iinzame neziya ukusuka States ukugcina ebukhobokeni, lo mmandla esalelweyo. Nangona kusekho malunga nenkulungwane ezahlukeneyo US States benza ethoba isidima imithetho yocalulo abantu abamnyama ezihlambela amalungelo abo.

Ubukhoboka kutshanje

Ngelishwa, umnqweno ukonwabela iziqhamo simahla yabasebenzi abanye bantu ithe hayi kutshayelwa, kwaye unanamhla. Ngoko, ulwazi unikelwa yonke imihla ekuchongweni kweemeko ezintsha ukurhweba - intengiso nasekuxhatshazweni kwabantu. Ngaphezu koko, maxa wambi abarhwebi ikhoboka mihla kunye neenkosi zawo kakhulu nobundlobongela kakhulu, umzekelo, baseRoma. Ngapha koko, kumawaka eminyaka eyadlulayo ubume kumakhoboka wenziwa ngakumbi ngqo, kwaye kwakuxhomekeke ukuthanda yabaninizo inxalenye kuphela. Ke amaxhoba okurhweba, ntonje ngazo, akukho bani uwaziyo, kunye nabantu abahluphekayo ithoyi ezandleni "iinkosi" zabo.