Amakhosi Russia: kubalwa. Bonke abalawuli Russian ukuze

abalawuli Great Russia yi-Alfa no-Omega, Nobunqobo abantu bayo. Njengoko uThixo - umninindlu iphela, yaye baba iinkosi ezweni labo. Yaye walawula ukuba lukhulu. Ummeli yokuqala yale isihloko uPetros Yokuqala. Kwaye mhlawumbi hayi usanekwa kwimbali yoBukhosi baseRashiya iqala nale nobuntu olukhulu.

Lo mlawuli omkhulu elizayo

UPetros wazalelwa eMoscow ngo-1672, ngolwesithoba kaJuni. Yaba umntwana weshumi elinesine Alexei Mikhailovich kunye nomfazi wakhe wesibini Natali Kirillovny Naryshkinoy. Emva kokufa kukaKumkani uPetros ilifa ilizwe ukuba ngokwaneleyo kakhulu xa kuthelekiswa namazwe yenkcubeko elifumileyo laseYurophu. Nangona Renaissance neNguquko itshayelwe Yurophu, iRashiya bazitshitshisela westernization waza wahlala owayengahlali maxesha.

Pet Veliky - umlawuli yokuqala eRashiya, nto leyo waziwa ngokuba iinguqu zayo ezininzi kwaye iinzame ukuze imeko yakhe ngamandla amakhulu. Wadala nesinqanawa nkqi, Sikwahlengahlengise pi zemigangatho yemfundo eNtshona. Xa yaqalisa ukwahlukana entsha yolawulo lwengingqi lizwe, esungula uthotho iinguqu achaphazelekayo zonke iinkalo zobomi Russian.

iinguqu ezinkulu kunye nophuhliso lulonke

ingqalelo oluthile umlawuli wokuqala Russia wathumela kuphuhliso yenzululwazi. Waqesha iingcali akwamanye amazwe ukuba aqeqeshe abantu bazo zonke iintlobo phambili ngobugcisa. Igxile kuphuhliso korhwebo kunye noshishino, uye yala maxesha oonobumba Russian, wazisa kwikhalenda uJulian, kwaye iphephandaba lokuqala Russian zadalwa ukuyisebenzisa.

Peter A. waba imboni kunye ngonozakuzaku ngobuchule, ngubani irhoxisiwe uhlobo akudala kurhulumente kunye nokumiselwa oLawulo Yeengwevu. Yaba sakhiwo liphezulu kwamandla karhulumente, leyo walawula onke amasebe olawulo kunye izisombululo neempumelelo ezintsha kwi-nkqubo yangaphandle eRashiya.

izinto ezintsha indawo

Ebudeni bolawulo Petra Velikogo State ifumene iindawo ezininzi, ezifana Estonia, Latvia eFinland. Emva kusiliwa naye imfazwe, Turkey, wayekwazi ukufikelela kuLwandle Black. Kwaye eziliwaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe ngomnyaka weshumi Poroshenko ethutha ikomkhulu kwisixeko esitsha kwi Neva River - St. Petersburg, oko lusekiwe kwaye kwaba "window ukuya eYurophu".

Ngokungqinelana nemithetho ezahlukeneyo Peter Russia waba ngamandla amakhulu yaseYurophu. Kwaye ngo 1721, wavakalisa lobukhosi, ngokulandelelana, kuPetros Alekseevich wanikwa isihloko All-Russian omkhulu, Enkulu Lezwe uyise.

UPetros wayetshatile kabini yaye abantwana abalishumi elinamnye, abaninzi kubo wafa ezelwe. Koonyana bakaRubhen, owamazibulo bomtshato wakhe wokuqala, uAlex, yila lokungcatsha kunye wabulawa emfihlekweni ngo-1718. Wafa Peter A. Eighth ngoFebruwari 1725 ungatyumbanga indlalifa.

Enye Peter A.

Ngokwendalo, urhulumente Russian ulawula nje ookumkani Russia, i-maxesha salatha ubukho empresses ezine. Omnye wabo uCatherine kuqala. Wahlala ke etroneni emva Petra Velikogo. Waza weza ke amandla, umzukulwana uPetros Omkhulu. Wazalwa ngomhla weshumi Oktobha 1715. Umama wakhe wafa kwiintsuku ezilishumi emva kokuzalwa kwakhe. Kwiminyaka emithathu kamva uyise balandela emva nomama wam.

Ngowe-1727, Menshikov ebizwa UCatherine kuqala atyikitye lo myolelo wakhetha uPetros. Ke xa afayo uKumkanikazi, uPetros II waqhubeka uluhlu abalawuli Russian.

Umthetho Rule yale Council Supreme

Menshikov inkwenkwe ekhayeni lakhe waza waqalisa ukulawula izenzo zakhe. Little uPetros wayesaphila, ekrelekrele, ababuqiqileyo nomntwana banenkani yaye kakhulu ezifana uyise-mkhulu. Ngaphandle Ukufana, oko kukuthi, ngokuchaseneyo uPetros Enkulu, akazange afune ukufunda.

Ukuba abaselula kakhulu uPetros II ayikwazanga kulawula umbuso, kwaye phantse akazange athathe inxaxheba kwimisebenzi zeBhunga yangasese. Oku ngokukhawuleza kwakhokelela ukuhlukunyezwa kwinkqubo karhulumente, njengoko amagosa babesoyika izenzo unmotivated kuPetros yaye akazange afune ukuthatha uxanduva naziphi na izigqibo ezibalulekileyo.

ngomhla wamashumi amathathu anesibini ka Novemba neeshekele eziliwaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe anamanci mabini anesithoba, uPetros II useleganelwe elinesibhozo ubuhle n Alekseevna Dolgorukova. Ke kunyaka olandelayo, owesithandathu kukaJanuwari, wabona into ebandayo ngexesha ngokutsha yomkhosi kunye ekupheliseni ingqakaqa. elinethoba wafa ngoJanuwari 1730.

Emva kokufa Peter II etroneni uhlala phezu umfazi - Anna Ivanovna. A abalawuli ezilandelayo Russia - eli maxesha lubonisa iminyaka elishumi elinesithathu wobukumkani bakhe - silindele ukuba indawo yabo kwimbali karhulumente.

Mbusi-usana okanye umzabalazo igunya

Ivan Owesithandathu wazalwa eSt Petersburg ngo-Agasti 1740 i yeshumi. Waye ke, unyana ka-Prince Antona Braunshveyga-Wolfenbüttel kunye Anna Leopoldovna. kwiintsuku ezilishumi elinesibini phambi kokufa kwakhe, uKumkanikazi ubhengeze inyanga-ezimbini Ivan angene ezihlangwini zakhe. Kwaye Ernst Johann Biron ukukhonza ibamba inkwenkwe de afike kwiminyaka elishumi elinesixhenxe.

Kodwa unina Ivan ngowe-1740 wabhukuqa Biron waza wathi yena ibamba. Emva konyaka, wayesele wahliswa Elizabeth, ixhaswa grenadiers kunye namagosa Preobrazhensky webutho. Ntombi Petra Velikogo, Anna kunye lonke usapho kunye umlawuli usana wabanjwa entolongweni apho ke kuloo nqaba kufuphi Riga. Ngoko ke umlawuli Ivan elesithandathu sakhutshelwa Kholmogory. Nantso Kukho indlu i ubhishophu engenanto kaThixo yajika entolongweni. Kukho lo mfana wahlala kwiminyaka elishumi ezayo, engaboni mntu, ngaphandle umgcini wakhe.

Ukufa okuyimfihlakalo ibanjwa, okanye omnye yoMlawuli

Isiphelo esinzima amalungu amaninzi entsapho yasebukhosini, ezazifanele ukuba athathe indawo yakhe phezu kwetrone. Kwaye mhlawumbi esinye sezizathu abanye abalawuli Russian (Ubalo maxesha lubonisa amagama abo) sincame ngokuzithandela amandla wakhetha umntu nezihlobo zabo.

Kodwa oko kwenzekayo kulo Ivan omdala leSithandathu? Amarhe lokuvalelwa kwakhe Kholmogory yaneka, nobukumkani Elizaveta Petrovna liguqulelwe libe Schlisselburg enqabeni, apho esitokisini yedwa. Uchazo kwabakhonkxiweyo wagcinwa emfihlekweni. Nokuba abalindi babengazi kubani ukukhusela. Ivan agcinwe kwiimeko engaginyisi mathe. Ukukhanya kuphela ikhandlela kuye.

Oonogada ingxelo ukuba amakhwenkwe intelligence baba yaziwe, uIvan ephelelwe inkumbulo bakhe yaye akazange abe nofifi ungubani na. Abanale ukuba namandla ukuze baqonde oko utsho kwabakhonkxiweyo, kuba nzima, Noko ke, Ivan Indah khumbula igama lakhe lokwenyani.

Umlawuli yamsusa ubungozi inkosazana waseJamani, bambamba etroneni, yaye wayalela ukuba zikugcine ngenyameko kakhulu, yaye kwimeko kwiinzame akhulule ibanjwa - ukumbulala. Kwaye ngokukhawuleza emva koko ngobusuku owesine-5 Julayi 1764 i-ESmolensk elihamba webutho, uLieutenant Vasily Mirovich wakhokela amajoni abavukeli wazama ukuba amhlangule Ivan kunye okwiTrongo ngoko nangoko ebulawa. Ngoko ke uluhlu Emperors Russian kongezelelwa elinye igama. Ungonwabi Ivan leSithandathu, owaba nako ukuthatha indawo elungileyo.

Umzukulwana ababusi ababini Russia and Sweden

Bonke ookumkani weRashiya, ngendlela yolandelelwano okanye revolutions ebhotwe kuthatha etroneni, ngandlel 'kuboniswe zembali mpepha. Kwaye asikwazi ayikhankanye apha uPetros III, obelawula eRashiya iinyanga ezintandathu kuphela. Wazalwa ngomhla-wokuqala amabini ka Februwari neeshekele eziliwaka elinamakhulu asixhenxe kunye nonyaka amabini wesibhozo-kumantla eJamani. Yaba unyana kuphela Anna Petrovna kunye Karla Fridriha. Umzukulwana abalawuli ezimbini - Petra Velikogo noCharles i weShumi.

Inkwenkwe babonisa umdla kwimizobo, wabathanda kwimiju- zomkhosi waphupha ukuba xa uba njengegorha edumileyo. Xa wayeneminyaka engama-kweminyaka elishumi elinamine, bamsa eRashiya ngu umkayisekazi, olawulayo Elizabeth. Amabini ananye ku-Agasti 1745, uPetros watshata Princess of Anhalt-Tserbskoy, abawabelwayo igama uCatherine. umtshato kwezopolitiko, ahlelwe-anti Petros, yintlekele ukususela ekuqaleni.

I koMlawuli, ngubani bamthiya urhulumente Russian kunye nabantu bayo

UCatherine umfazi ubukrelekrele omkhulu; waye ke uPetros waqhubeka umntwana kumzimba besilisa abadala. Baye omnye unyana owazalwa - uPawulos, umlawuli elizayo, kunye nentombi Anna, abafa ebuntwaneni. Bonke ookumkani Russia, ukuze ahlale etroneni kunye nolawulo ngurhulumente, ikakhulu wazama ukuzisa yelizwe inzuzo enkulu. Ke kaloku uPetros III kwaba ngaphandle. Ebekade Russia. Mna zange awukhathalele ngabantu Russian, awaba nako ukukunyamezela iCawa Orthodox.

Emva Peter III wathatha indawo yakhe phezu kwetrone, wabubhangisa nkqubo welizwe langaphandle umkayisekazi, bazisa eRashiya ukususela War kweminyaka esixhenxe leyo, yaye eli nyathelo ababephila ozakuthathwa ukungcatshwa amaxhoba Russian zemfazwe. Kodwa kwangaxeshanye, iingcali abanomdla kwimbali Emperors Russian, ibonisa ukuba mhlawumbi isigqibo uPetros III yaba yinxalenye yesicwangciso ebambekayo ukuba ifuthe karhulumente IsiRashiya ukuya ngasentshona.

Reform okanye iinkonzo kurhulumente

Noko ke, uPetros III ebudeni bolawulo balungiselela uthotho uhlaziyo lwangaphakathi, nto leyo namhlanje babonakala yentando yesininzi. Ngokuvakalisa inkululeko yenkolo, owakubhangisayo okunene abecuphi wawukwalela ukubulawa ngamakhoboka ngabanikazi bazo. Kananjalo wadala ibhanki sokuqala karhulumente.

IBhodi ye abalawuli abaninzi baseRashiya yaphela ekufeni ntlekele. Kwakhona oko kwenzeka kuPetros III. Kukho ukufunisela okuninzi ngokufa kwakhe; kodwa enyanisweni waba lixhoba Liyelenqe umfazi wakhe Catherine, owayefuna balahle loo nto, ukuba athathe isihlalo sobukhosi. Amabini anesibhozo Juni 1762, uPetros wabanjwa yaye kungekudala abulawe.

ulawulo umbusi kaPawulos

Amanye amagama abalawuli Russian akunakwenzeka ukuba ukukhankanya kunye umbulelo omkhulu nokuzingca. Ngokomzekelo, uPawulos mna, owayelawula ilizwe iminyaka emihlanu okhohlakeleyo, phambi kokuba abulawe. Wazalwa eSt Petersburg ngowe-1754. Abazali bakhe - elizayo uMlawuli Peter III kunye uCatherine II. Umama akazange acinge ukuba abe ngumlawuli elizayo yaye wathumela ukuhlala ekwilifa Gatchina. Kwabakho endaweni soMhlekazi elizayo n elungiselela unyana wakhe Alexander.

Kodwa emva kokufa uKumkanikazi, uPawulos wasebenzisa etroneni, nomthetho yakhe yokuqala ukuseka ubuzibulo eziya etroneni, yaye hayi ukukhetha ozothatha umlawuli ngokwakhe. Nicinga ukuba iRussia ufuna neNgonyama ngokupheleleyo, waqala ukunciphisa amandla kunye namalungelo yezikhulu. Ukuze neenjongo French Revolution akazange alaqhenqetha lizwe, yena ivalwa iincwadi angaphandle kunye yokuhamba ngaphandle kurhulumente.

iinguqu ezininzi kule uPawulos lwangaphakathi kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo yangaphandle, kukhatshwa sengqondo kunye nokuhlaselwa ngumsindo zengcinezelo, wabangela esasaza namarhe malunga unbalance kwengqondo yakhe. Yaye-wesithathu amabini ka Matshi 1801, uPawulos wesithathu wabulawa. Kwaye phezu kwetrone ngunyana wakhe Alexander.

Umfundi Catherine ugogo

Alexander wazalwa eSt Petersburg ngoDisemba 1777 le yeshumi. yena ke phezulu uCatherine Omkhulu, lowo ungamthandiyo unyana wakhe, uPawulos akazange acinge ukuba unako elawula ilizwe. Lo mlawuli elizayo wabona umzukulwana wakhe. Wayezazi kakuhle inkcubeko yaseYurophu, imbali nakwezopolitiko, waza wakhulela umoya ifilosofi wenkundla uKumkanikazi.

Kodwa intiyo phakathi kukaPawulos Catherine yamenza ukudlala iindima ezimbini ezahlukeneyo. Xa uninakhulu wakhe, unamathela imithetho-siseko yamalungelo oluntu kunye amalungelo ukuba uyayithanda nefilosofi. Kwaye ecaleni uyise ingqeqesho engqongqo yomkhosi kunye noqeqesho engenasiphelo. Kungekudala, Alexander sele chameleon yendalo, baba zengqondo ngasese futhi ngokulula zatshintsha ngokweemeko.

Ngowe-1801, eneminyaka minyaka imashumi mabini anamithathu, Alexander ebekwe. umlawuli Beautiful yaye uyathandeka ithandwa kakhulu. I ntiyiso iinjongo zakhe ngokukhululekileyo esikolweni, yena laqalisa uthotho iinguqulelo zentlalo. It umlomo sentuthumbo, kwaye umthetho omtsha wavumela abalimi sindisa evela serfdom. Elandelwa utshintsho lolawulo, lwezimali zemfundo.

Uloyiso inkosi enkulu

Ngexesha lokulawula abalawuli Russian waba iimfazwe ezininzi ezahlukeneyo kunye amadabi. Kodwa ke enye yezona zibalulekileyo, nditsho ngokuba Patriotic War, kwabakho imfazwe uNapoleon. Kuba Alexander kwaba Yayingumsebenzi kaThixo, into nje imfazwe phakathi kwamazwe amabini. Yaba emfazweni phakathi kokulungileyo nokubi. Xa Alexander emva kokuphumelela yamdubula kwi intloko yomkhosi wakhe e-Paris, waba ngomnye ngookumkani zinamandla. Yaba njengoloyiso wobukumkani bakhe.

Kwiminyaka yakutshanje, ubukumkani * uKhesare waba ukhathazeka kakhulu noThixo ubuKristu. Kwaye xa elinesithoba wafa ngoNovemba 1825, kwaba ukuhamba eninzi amarhe ukuba ukumkani asiyeke ngasese waza waba indela. Ziziphi abalawuli Russian zaziyi yaye yintoni iingcinga batyelela iingqondo zabo ezinkulu, Asizanga sive ukuba ibali.

Childhood nobukumkani uNicholas

Nicholas I umntwana wethoba Paul I noMaria Feodorovna. Wazalwa ngomhla wamashumi amabini anantlanu kaJuni, omnye ngo 1796. Esengumntwana, yena wayengawafuni kanti. Abafundileyo ekuqaleni evela nanny Scottish, uze emva koko - Jikelele Gustav Lambsdorff. Engenayo i ingqondo ebanzi yaye ba- nxanelwe ulwazi, Nicholas akazange ungathanda ukufunda. Inkulu mfana waba noopopayi kuphela xa izifundo yafikelela esiphelweni yaye wayevunyelwa ukuba banxibe iyunifomu kwaye inxaxheba imidlalo emkhosini.

Nicholas ibingaziswa phezulu njenge umlawuli elizayo, yaye ekuqalekeni kobukumkani bakhe, wachaswa isiganeko bothuka kuye. Le imvukelo Decembrists. Iinkokeli ezintlanu babulawa yaye malunga nekhulu elinamashumi amabini elubhacweni eSiberia. Ukuyiqonda imfuneko yeenguqulelo, ukumkani kodwa babesoyika ukuba utshintsho ndinyikimise iziseko ubukhosi, koko kwafuneka batshintshelwe inzala. Kwakukho nezinye imiqobo utshintsho - uyeza izalamane kaKesare, ogama izimvo ibe nempembelelo enkulu phezu izenzo zakhe.

Nicholas amazwi baba Orthodox lobuzwilakhe kunye Ubuzwe. wobukumkani bakhe kwaphawula zebhola yookumkani epheleleyo eRashiya. Wafa ngomhla weshumi elinesibhozo kunyaka eliwaka Februwari ikhulu elinamanci asibhozo anesihlanu amahlanu yinyumoniya. Ke ekugqibeleni, umlawuli yokugqibela Russia. Ubalo amanqaku wolawulo. Yaba Alexander II kunye Alexander III kunye Nicholas II. Ibali liphela labalawuli Russian.

indodana Nicholas Board

Alexander II, unyana omdala uNicholas, elinesixhenxe ku-Epreli 1818 wazalwa. Wafumana imfundo emangalisayo. Wayesazi iilwimi ezininzi, wafunda ubuchule imfazwe, ezemali kunye amazwe. Ukususela ebuntwaneni uhambo.

Emva kokuba umbusi, Alexander wakhupha umyalelo kwi ukukhululwa abalimi. Le nqaba wada ngoku enesidima. Yaye ekubeni baba abemi ezamahala, kwafuneka wokuhlaziya inkqubo iphela yolawulo lendawo. Ebudeni bolawulo Alexander inkqubo yenkundla sithe sahlaziywa, zonke iiklasi zentlalo baba bayalingana phambi komthetho. uxinzelelo yokuhlolwa yaconjululwa, yaye abantu baqala ukuba inkululeko engakumbi yokuthetha.

Nangona iinguqulelo ezininzi ukuphucula ubomi babantu Russian, Alexander II waba lixhoba nabavukeli. Ilungu leqela abanqolobi wabulala umlawuli ngo-1881.

Le Isimntwiso lebhere Russian

Alexander III wazalwa ngomhla wamashumi omabini anamithandathu ka Februwari 1845 kuphela. Strong, eyoyikekayo, ngokuthanda lithemba, yena abe ngumfuziselo ibhere edume Russian. Wafika amandla ngexesha elibalulekileyo lo mbuso. Isiqingatha uluntu ngamalungelo ngonyawo lonwabu iinguqu, yaba owesibini ukoyika utshintsho. Uqoqosho nangoku nokuphola imfazwe ne Turkey. izothuso kwande eyehlela yi njengabalweli benguqu epheleleyo, yakhokelela ukuyilwa ekhawuntaleni-revolution iqela monarchists.

I koMlawuli akazange nje bolunye uhlanga, waphum 'umgaqo-nkqubo Russification. Oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni nokuqhambuka ubuzwe Russian kunye kwamaJuda yamaYuda. Wabamba nkqi umgaqo "Russia ngenxa Russian" Wazomeleza amandla lolawulo. Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Romanov wabulawa nephritis ngo-1894. Beza amandla uMlawuli wokugqibela Russian Nicholas II.

Eqalile ekupheleni asebukhosini

Interesting neqiniso! Ekwenzeke kuzo ilitye le ezintathu ezahlukeneyo zokusebenza luqulathe izihloko yasebukhosini. Russian Isihloko loMlawuli naye une iindlela zayo, omnye apho - epheleleyo. Kwaye nanku isihloko Russian uMlawuli Nicholas II yayibandakanya elinantathu ezilikhulu amagama.

Nicholas II wazalwa ngo-1868. Ngowe-1894, Nicholas waba ngumlawuli. Nangona imfundo yakhe profound, wayevakalelwa kukuba akukho ilungele uxanduva eye ekuzo. Kwaye abaninzi bexesha lakhe waphawula ukuba wakhangela edidekile, bezibuza.

Kulo inkoliso wobukumkani bakhe walandela umgaqo kayise. Waba ilukhuni kwaye ngokucothayo kakhulu yabona imfuneko yokutshintsha ngokunxulumene iziganeko ka-1901. Nangona isibakala sokuba amagunya ayo kufunwa ngentsimbi, * kuKhesare yokugqibela eRashiya wayezama ukuba abe ukuba kusekho nguzwilakhe. Nicholas wayefuna ukuya emva kwexesha kwaye ubuyisele amandla wooyise.

Emva yamaBolshevik revolution ka-1917 indawo losapho lobukumkani iye entsonkothileyo kakhulu, kunye nonyaka kamva ekuseni Julayi elinesixhenxe, Nicholas II, umfazi wakhe kunye nabantwana babulawa. Yaphela kanjalo wolawulo ookumkani Russia, kunye kwimbali lizwe laqalisa omnye kwinqanaba reference.