Oko basungula lokuqala: ikhandlela okanye iglasi? Imbali iintlondi

Ukuze siphendule lo mbuzo yaqanjwa ngaphambili - ikhandlela okanye iglasi, jonga yokuqala kwimbali isibane, uze ngelothe. Uze uthelekise. Masiqalise ukuba singene imbali kwendalo yekhandlela.

idiphu-ikhandlela

Abantu basebenzisa amakhandlela njengomthombo ukukhanya kwiminyaka emalunga 5000. Nangona ukubaluleka abanazo ebomini bethu, ukuba uphendule ngokuchanileyo umbuzo xa kwemoto ikhandlela, akekho. Kukho imibono ukuba ikhandlela yokuqala lwasungulwa eYiputa yamandulo malunga neminyaka 3000 BC. Kakade ke, zikhangeleka yahluke kakhulu, yaye yahlukile namhlanje. amakhandlela baseYiputa eyenziwe nemikhanzi ezingundoqo, iingcongolo bakhonza itotshi leyo ngaphambili zifakwe amafutha ezilwanyana. kukhankanywa Official kule mithombo ukukhanya libhekisela BC kwinkulungwane yeshumi. Ngoko ke baba ukubonakala umsonto obekwe kwisingxobo ezele isisombululo olunokutsha. Imbali kwesibane Mandulo amaRoma yaphuhliswa ukwazi kakhulu. Baye wayedityaniswe koko nkxu kumxube okunamafutha-ngqangi. Ngenxa yokuba yinxenye yesisombululo wahlala phezu umsonto, waqhubeka uvutha. Ezi amakhandlela babizwa ediphini, esebenzisa ngazo izindlu ezigqunyiweyo kunye namaziko zonqulo, athathwa endleleni. amakhandlela Egqugqisileyo wavuka ngenxa cheapness kunye nokufumaneka nenqatha, ngenxa yokuba sele isetyenziswe kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi.

Ababhali-mbali bathi nezinye izizwe wenza amakhandlela kuthetha ngcono, kuquka izinambuzane okanye izityalo. China wenze amakhandlela, ephothiweyo ibe ityhubhu sephepha shinyi, waba umsonto iphepha irayisi, wax ugalelwe izinambuzane okuziinkozo. Japanese ikhandlela wax ezenziwa imithi Anut.

amakhandlela Taper

Njani ikhandlela mihla? Imbali yokudala edibana ngayo kwinkulungwane XV. De kube lelo xesha, onke amakhandlela ziditshwe. Omnye umsunguli, owazalelwa eFransi, wasungula amakhandlela tapered, le wax igalelwe ukungunda sele ugqibile. Ke inqatha isilwanyana eso indawo fini, wayedla ngaphantsi, kuba itshile kwaye unuka ngcono. Noko ke, yeendleko zezi amakhandlela elingaphezulu kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba asetyenziswa kuphela ebandleni kumakhaya basebukhosini.

Ezinye iindlela zokwenza amakhandlela

abafazi Merika aye bebone ezincinane kodwa ezibalulekileyo ezifunyenwe lukanina elide ezinye kurhawula berry wax kakuhle kwaye nevumba nice kakhulu. Noko ke, ekubeni le ndlela ikhandlela ukwenza onzima kunye nexesha elide, noko isetyenziswa ngokubanzi.

Kwinkulungwane XVIII yaba kuphuhliso lwamashisini whaling lo, sibonga ngalo amakhandlela wongeze i zeendawana elitsha - spermaceti. Le into ezinamafutha yafunyanwa phezu kwentloko sperm. amakhandlela Entsha ziyatyeba kwaye ngqongqo, elathi ukuba inganyibiliki apha bubushushu.

Imbali lwezinto eziphembelele ishishini ikhandlela

XIX leminyaka yaba kukutshintsha ekuveliseni yekhandlela. Ngowe-1820, ekhemesti evela eFransi Mishel Shevrol abelwe stearic acid fat isilwanyana. Emva koko kwafika amakhandlela stearin, leyo iqinile, nzima yaye ucocekile otshisayo. Ezi amakhandlela kudume unanamhla eYurophu.

Obalulekileyo kwimbali yawo ligama Dzhozefa Morgana. Wenza isixhobo ngawo amakhandlela ezimilise ingaveliselwa rhoqo. Ngenxa lombhobho ihambe Pistone le ndlela koomatshini babo zigutyula ukusuka isibane, emva kokuba ebesoyika.

Ngowe-1850, siya kuba sodwa ekudalekeni ngokwendalo iziyobisi petroleum, lise kulo. Ngenxa yoko, ekwenziweni amakhandlela baqalisa ukusebenzisa iparafini. Le mveliso watshiswa isha kwaye kakuhle, iindleko kunezinye ezinokuvutha, ingxaki indawo yokunyibilika eliphantsi isigqibo emva separafini zafakwa kwi stearin acid esiqinileyo.

Ngowe-1879, uThomas Edison wasungula isibane yale igqengezelayo; kwandule ke namakhandlela waqalisa ukusetyenziswa ngaphezulu ukulungiselela iinjongo zobugcisa.

amakhandlela mihla

Amakhandlela e ebomini bethu kule mini njengento lokubhalela, njengenxalenye ebalulekileyo ye ukuyila imeko-bume zothando okanye ukucamngca, nje lona njengesikhumbuzo nice kanye cute. amakhandlela enuka kamnandi, inemibala, ezinkulu nezincinane, ngeenxa kunye square - konke oku ezikhoyo namhlanje ukuze nabani.

Ukususela ngo-1990, ukuthandwa amakhandlela likhula kwakhona, saqalisa ukukhangela ezintsha njengomthwebeba ngenxa amakhandlela: ukusuka oli yomthi wesundu, isoya kunye nabanye.

glass

Yintoni iglasi, makwazeke abaninzi, ayikho nzima. Glass - an into amorphous. yalo Solid zingafumaneka ngokuwupholisa ingxubevange. A lot of izinto abasingqongileyo zenziwe ngeglasi, ngaphandle kwalo, ubomi bethu ebengayi kuba bekhululekile ukuze. Njani abantu ukuze benze ngaphandle yezibuko, iifestile eyenziwe ngezitena, iibhotile ezintle zeglasi, ezintle kunye izitya ukukhanya? Ngaba wakha wacinga xa yasungulwa iglasi? Eli nqaku liza kuzama bendingemphenduli kuphela kulo mba, nathi siya ukuthelekisa nokuhlalutya izinto yaqanjwa ngaphambili - ikhandlela okanye neglasi.

History of glass

An hypothesis umdla yaphakanyiswa bulumko yamaGrike yamandulo ngakumbi kwaye mbali uPliny Omdala. Wabhala umsebenzi othi "Natural History" kwi BC ngenkulungwane yokuqala. History of the iglasi luchazwa ilivo okanye kwebali noomatiloshe yamandulo.

abarhwebi baseFenike savela Afrika athumele Isoda zendalo kunxweme empuma yoLwandle iMeditera. Ebudeni hambo, babambisa isaqhwithi esikhulu, ngenxa wenqanawa zimbelwe kwizibuko ekufutshane. Kwagqitywa ukuba alinde imozulu ngcono elunxwemeni. Abahambi abasa umlilo, bagqiba ukupheka ukutya. Bona lalifuna ukuba Unokuyifaka yimbiza elikhulu, kodwa elunxwemeni lalize nefanelekileyo bengafumani nto. Abaqhubi benqanawa bazisa inqanawa neebhloko kakhulu soda, nto leyo udalelwe wasondela ukulungiselela le njongo. Ngentsasa elandelayo, oomatiloshe afumaneka kwisiza komlilo iinyama kukho izinto ezingaziwayo. Ngoko ke, ukususela umxube ash nesanti phantsi lobushushu eliphezulu iglasi kwakhiwa. Imbali Inventions badla engaqhelekanga kwaye elula. Ngumbalisi, Kakade, umntu ohlonelwayo kakhulu, uguqulelo umdla, kodwa ngaba yinyani?

Kwinkulungwane yamashumi amabini, siye sagqiba ukukhangela uguqulelo kubhungwa. Ngelishwa, nokuhlola ayiphumelelanga. Kwathi kanti loo ndawo lobushushu umlilo ayikho ngokwaneleyo ukuze zinyibilike kwiglasi. Ngoko xa iglasi yasungulwa? Kucacile ukuba wadalwa kwindawo ezahlukeneyo kunye nabanye abantu.

Glass Egypt Ancient

Umbuzo into lwasungulwa phambi kokuba ikhandlela okanye iglasi, namanje evulekile, kodwa izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba zombini ezi ndlela kuba kumaYiputa amandulo. Isibakala sokuba namangcwaba ooFaro zaseYiputa iimveliso zeglasi yokuqala, ogama ubudala liqikelelwa kwi 9,000 eminyaka ubudala wafunyanwa zaye. Kukholelwa ukuba iglasi yaqanjwa ingozi xa ngomxube wesanti nothuthu wawa ngodongwe ekrwada phambi ukudubula. Mhlawumbi imveliso yayilula yaye akazange afune ingqalelo ekhethekileyo, kwaye, kananjalo, udongwe ecacileyo olumanzi akukho lula. Emva ngokudubula, oko kwasekwa iglasi umaleko obhityileyo, yaye inkosi ingqalelo ngenxa ukuba uqaphele kuyo. Yena ukwenza kuphela nesiphelo esichanekileyo. kwiminyaka 5000 eyadlulayo eYiputa sele yenziwe izihombo iglasi, izikotile imibala, kunye neminyaka 3000 eyadlulayo, sele wabonakala iibhotile zeglasi ukugcina isiqholo. Iglasi yokuqala, okudalwe umntu, waba ezibuhlazarha okanye oluhlaza kuba kwentlabathi waba ukungcola.

glass yelo

Ukuba, ke, ukuba phandle, ayikho indoda kwemoto iglasi, iye wadala indalo ngokwayo, xa lufumaneka izigidi mlilo ebomvu-eshushu kwiminyaka eyadlulayo. Ngenxa yoko, nathi ukuphendula umbuzo yaqanjwa ngaphambili - kwiglasi okanye ikhandlela. Ekubeni kwiglasi wabonakala yedwa, kwizigidi zeminyaka eyadlulayo, yayifakwe ebomini bomntu ngaphambili kakhulu kunokuba amakhandlela. Kwiglasi yokuqala, indoda yafunyanwa wayengekho selubala kunye ayicacanga, phantse abamnyama. Ibizwa ngokuba obsidian. Emva koko, Kakade ke, umntu uye wafunda ukwenza kwiglasi ngokwayo.

Kwi I BC, abantu sele siqalisile discolor kwiglasi ngokusebenzisa manganese. Kuba ukwenziwa zokubhala ezisetyenziswa iityhubhu ezizodwa apho ukuba zingaphaphatheki off. ifomu Flat efanayo ndinikwe kamva. I yokuqala iglasi tyaba eziselubala afumaneka yasePompeii ngexesha kwimingxuma. Kwinkulungwane XIII ukuba wayesele esaziwa eYurophu. Ukususela ngelo xesha kwimveliso glass Venice isagquba. bazisa iisampuli ezintsha oriental evela eConstantinople. Ngokuthe ngcembe iVenice wafunda ukwenza iglasi onjalo kwaye kwaphuculwa elubala yayo ngenxa kongezwe ukukhokela ingxubevange.

Zonke inkosi glassmakers zaye kakhulu kakhulu kunene, kodwa nkqu abavumelekanga ukuba baphume kuwo umzi, ngokuzama ukubaleka baye basongela kunye nokufa. Ngoko, ukuze siphephe ukuxelwa iimfihlakalo zorhwebo, kwagqitywa ukuhlawula zonke iivenkile kwi okuhlola Island, ekufuphi eVenice. Glassware evela okuhlola kakhulu kakhulu zixabisa ngelo xesha. Ngoku izitya kunokubonwa kwiimyuziyam ezahlukeneyo. Glassblowers ve ngesipho zitsha ubuhle, neendebe, decanters nezacholo entle. Ngaloo mihla, izinto iglasi ibe item zodidi.

Ukusetyenziswa glass

Ke uluntu owasungula nokwaleka amalgam. Ngoko kwabakho esipilini. Glass sade sasetyenziswa ukwakha, ngokufuthi kakhulu ukusetyenziswa wakha iitempile yayo. Multi-ezinemibala iifestile efafazwe-glass kwaye ngoku banxibe abaninzi kubo. Ngenxa nokukwazi iintlobo ezithile iglasi refract imitha ukukhanya, lens lokuvelisa sele iqalile, eyaba luncedo kakhulu kwinzululwazi. Biology, amayeza, ngeenkwenkwezi - bonke kwakufuneka kule glasi kanye lens.

Ceba ngaphambili - ikhandlela okanye iglasi?

Injalo loo nto, ngoku ke imbali inkungu futhi obufihlakeleyo ukuvela kunye nophuhliso imveliso iglasi ukucacisa into eye yanceda ukuba uphendule umbuzo. Ewe, okunene, iglasi wavela phambi kwamakhandlela, kodwa umhla ngqo zombini ezifunyaniswe ayaziwa kude kube ngoku. Nangona sinombulelo izinto eziluncedo ezifana abhekiswe ngamaYiputa amandulo.