The French Revolution (1848-1849 biennium)

Akukho namnye isiganeko zembali ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa ngaphandle kokuba imeko Ekumiseleni eli xesha. Ukuba French Revolution ka 1848-1849 kuhlangene ukuba iziganeko wazimisela ukuba isimo kwenkulungwane XIX.

Somersault XIX kwekhulu

De kube sekupheleni lizwe XVIIII ngenkulungwane wahlala i neNgonyama ngokupheleleyo, efuziselwa Bourbon Minor. Nangona kunjalo, i-revolution eFransi ngowe ka1789 yaba ityala ukuwa kwenkqubo yesiqhelo yezopolitiko kunye nokubulawa kaKumkani uLouis XVI. Ngo-1792 eli lizwe kwathiwa republic.

Kodwa amava lokuqala lwedemokhrasi aluphumelelanga. Ukuwa ukumkani ngenkani amanye amazwe aseYurophu ukuhlanganisa nxamnye Republic Lokuqala. Inkampani iye yadityaniswa kulo mzobo akuyo ka UNapoleon Bonaparte wathi yena umlawuli ngo-1804 ukwanda kwayo eYurophu ngo ukusilela. Hlula eRashiya, kwakunye eLeipzig Waterloo aphelise le adventure. Bonaparte wathunyelwa eSt Helena, nelizwe lakhe sele iqalile Ukubuyiselwa le Bourbon (1814 -. 1830 gg).

nkqubo zinkuni kukarhulumente kunye nemizamo yayo ukubuyisela umyalelo omdala ngenkani inxalenye yamaphephandaba uluntu ukuvukela. I-July Revolution eFransi ngowe-1830 awazibhukuqayo athandwe Charles X wazisa kwitrone umzala wakhe ezikude Louis-Philippe. Ngedlela eParis kwiNgxowa ngokuxokozela lonke elaseYurophu kwaye kwakhokelela isiyaluyalu eJamani Poland.

Zonke ezi ziganeko amakhonkco chain omnye yabonisa ukuba zazivelela enzima kuluntu kweli lizwe. Ngale ndlela, i-revolution eFransi ngo-1848 - kungekho ngaphandle. Yena nje waqhubeka inkqubo vuhlayiseki esenzeka kwinkulungwane XIX.

yokubhuqwa oohlohlesakhe

Zonke kohlelo Louis uPhilippe etroneni ifana endalweni. "King-yoohlohlesakhe", ezeza igunya phezu nokulatyuza zengqondo silinene eluntwini, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ngakumbi nangakumbi ukusuka nkqubo leyo kulindeleke kuye. Esi sesona sizathu sokuba revolution eFransi.

Wahlala isimo esibuhlungu kunye nelungelo lokuvota, apho Batyahalana ukususela ukuwa Bastille. Nangona inani labantu eli lungelo wakhula, inani labo ayidluli-1% yabantu bebonke. Ukongeza, imfuno iye yaqaliswa, ekuthe ngenxa yawo kwahlaziywa ulingano kweevoti irhoxisiwe. Ngoku, intsingiselo awukaze wazimisela ngokunxulumene iimali zayo ahlawule irhafu zobuncwane. Le nkqubo ke kakhulu buthathaka indawo loohlohlesakhe abathile baye balahlekelwa ithuba lokuzithethelela izilangazelelo zawo epalamente kunye nabantu ngethemba, nto leyo nayo Julayi Revolution eFransi idima.

Enye indlela uphawu umlawuli ukulawula-nkqubo welizwe langaphandle le Alliance oyiNgcwele, ebandakanya Russia, Prussia kunye Austria-iHungary. Zonke ezi States ukumkani ngokupheleleyo, yaye umfelandawonye lwaphembelela iimfuno wabanumzana, ingxa- ngamandla.

Urhwaphilizo Julayi neNgonyama

umzimba yemithetho karhulumente ngokwawo kufuneka sihlale elizimeleyo isithsaba. Noko ke, xa kusenziwa, lo mgaqo yoniwa rhoqo. YoMlawuli unyuselwe amasekela abalungiseleli kunye nabaxhasi babo. Omnye wabalinganiswa Iqaqambe ngaphezu kwazo ukulahlwa Fransua Gizo. Waba Minister of the Interior, kunye nentloko kamva kukarhulumente kunye ngokusebenzayo wasivuna nomdla ukumkani umzimba omkhulu bamandla.

Gizo ivalwa Republican, kwakusithiwa izoyikiso engundoqo-oda. Ukongeza, ukuba uTimoti uLouis-Philippe zahlala zithembekile ishishini kurhulumente, kubathemba imiyalelo ezinkulu karhulumente (umz kulwakhiwo noololiwe). amandla ukondla ukonakala 'abo' emasini - ezibangela ezinkulu Revolution eFransi.

Imigaqo-nkqubo elolu kuba nefuthe elibi kubomi sabasebenzi, enyanisweni, ndayihluthwa ithuba lokubhenela intloko karhulumente. Ukulwelwa iminyaka nkosi yokuqala buthuntu ukuphikisana kunye Ingxenye kwenani labemi, kodwa ekupheleni wokulawula sele akuwuthandanga yakhe. Nangakumbi, lo matshini wamnika igama elisisiqhulo elimsulwa "Ukumkani-emibhaka" (umlawuli kule minyaka ngakumbi tuchnel ngaphezulu).

umgidi reformists

isiqalo yakhe ye revolution eFransi unyanzelekile ukuba umthetho, Fransua Gizo, uvaliwe intlanganiso elandelayo inkcaso. Umhla abakuthandayo yexesha wathabatha uhlobo umgidi, apho waba ngomnye iisimboli ngexesha. Njengoko kweli lizwe kwakukho izithintelo lenkululeko yeendibano, abaxhasi yotshintsho lonyulo bahlanganisana kwiitafile festive. umgidi ezinjalo reformists wathabatha umlinganiswa abaninzi, yaye kukuvalwa omnye wabo asidubaduba sonke uluntu metropolitan. Impazamo leyo urhulumente kunye neengxaki ukusebenzisa amandla xa lokungathobeli.

Ngomhla wetheko esalelweyo (Februwari 22, 1848) Amawaka baseParis wema ngothango ezitratweni. Gizo ukuzama ukuhlakaza demonstrators usebenzisa i National Guard ayiphumelelanga: umkhosi wala umlilo phezu kwabantu, yaye ezinye namagosa bonke bama yabaqhankqalazi.

Oshiyayo kunye kukulahlwa

Ekutshintsheni iziganeko kwanyanzeleka Louis uPhilippe ukwamkela yokurhoxa yorhulumente ngosuku olulandelayo, 23 Februwari. Kwagqitywa ukuba abalungiseleli abatsha baya kubutha Gizo abaxhasi nguqulelo. Kwabonakala ukuba kwizibhambathiso yafikelelwa phakathi kukarhulumente kunye noluntu. Ngobo busuku kwakukho isiganeko kabuhlungu. Unogada olinda Isakhiwo Ministry of Internal Affairs, isihlwele sabantu adubula.

Ukubulala baguqula amazwi. Ngoku, ukusuka Louis uPhilippe ifuna kukulahlwa. Abanganqweneli ukulinga nxi, Februwari 24 savela asiyeke. Ummiselo zokugqibela isaziso ezihlangwini zakhe nomzukulwana wakhe. Abavukeli akazange afune ukubona etroneni nguKumkani elilandelayo kwaye ngemini elandelayo iyangena kwi Chamber of yamaSekela, apho isigqibo malunga zoludwe ngamandla. Ngoko kwagqitywa ukubhengeza i-lizwe republic. French Revolution uphakeme.

guqula

Ngemihla yakhe yokuqala karhulumente sethutyana ngayo ukusombulula imbambano kunye noluntu. Imfuno ephambili bavukeli yaba ukuqaliswa lovoto. Lo masekela wagqiba ukunika ilungelo lokuvota besilisa lonke eli lizwe lifikelele engama-21. Le zokubuyisela inyathelo wokwenene phambili. nkululeko ayikwazanga ndoqhayisa naliphi na ilizwe ehlabathini.

Ngelo xesha linye sabasebenzi ngenkani imisebenzi ekhoyo kunye kakuhle ihlawulwe. Ukuza kuthi ga ngoku, ukusekwa zocweyo yesizwe apho wonke umntu ukufumana umsebenzi. Charge Initial franc 2 ngosuku ezilungele abasebenzi, kodwa iindleko zocweyo ukuncedisa uRhulumente esingakwaziyo ukuzihlawula. Ngu ngehlobo-mali ziye zancitshiswa kwaye utshintsho kamva irhoxisiwe ngokupheleleyo. Endaweni yoko, zocweyo wacela abangasebenziyo ukuya emkhosini, okanye ukuphakamisa uqoqosho kweli phondo.

Ngoko nangoko, udlame kwavuka. Paris senile yenze kwakhona. Urhulumente ayisekho ukulawula imeko waza wagqiba ukuthumela amajoni ukuya kwikomkhulu. Kuye kwacaca ukuba French Revolution ayikapheli okwangoku, kodwa ukwenzeka kwayo kuba buhlungu kakhulu. Le kwezithandani le mvukelo abasebenzi, eyayikhokelwa Jikelele Cavaignac, kwabangela ukuba amawakawaka abantu abaninzi. Igazi kwizitrato Paris ukuba iinkokheli zelizwe ngexesha lokuba ayeke utshintsho.

unyulo 1848

Nakubeni zasehlotyeni, ukhetho zisafuna kubanjwa. Ukuvota zenzeka ngoDisemba 10 ngokungqinelana neziphumo kokoyisa kwakhe engalindelekanga nge-75% yenkxaso iphumelele Lui uNapoleon.

Lo mzobo ye ngumtshana edume loMlawuli ulonwabele novelwano kuluntu. Nokuba ebudeni bolawulo Louis uPhilippe, lo emigre owayesakuba bazama ukumbamba amandla kweli lizwe. Ngowe-1840, yena safika Boulogne; ngecala kwakukho amagosa amaninzi ikampu. Noko ke, lokubhukuqa ayiphumelelanga wabanjwa yi webutho zasekuhlaleni kwaye ufake kwi ematyaleni.

Ngokwahlukileyo intlonipho olungqongqo iintlobo nabavukeli Louis uNapoleon wafumana isigwebo sobomi kuphela entolongweni. Noko ke, akazange imiqathango ngamalungelo abo: ukubhala ngokukhululekileyo nokuvelisa amanqaku, ndafumana iindwendwe.

Indawo yolawulo ibanjwa wamvumela ukuba azuze inkxaso emva kokuba ukubhukuqwa yasebukhosini. Uninzi iivoti Wayityhidela yaba evulekileyo kunye nabasebenzi, phakathi kuyo igama uNapoleon gqitha intlonelo ngokubanzi kunye iinkumbulo amaxesha bukhosi.

Umphumela eYurophu

Europe akakwazi okanye ube likheswa kwezo ntsingiselo, leyo wazisa esinye revolution eFransi. Okokuqala ukunganeliseki kwalutyhutyha Austria-Hungarian uBukhosi, nto leyo eyenzeka kuphela ngenxa yeengxaki zopolitiko zale nkqubo, kodwa kukho ukungaqondani phakathi kwezizwe ezininzi, bamanyene zikwimeko enkulu.

Ungquzulwano kwenzeka kumaphondo eziliqela yesizwe Hungary, Lombardy, Venice. Iimfuno ziyafana: ukuzimela, ukusekwa eziphathelele amalungelo oluntu, ukutshatyalaliswa yokutyiwa kwaloo feudalism.

Njengoko a revolution yongxowankulu eFransi wamnika ukuzithemba amacandelo anezikrokro yabantu ithi German. Iziganeko awayebalasele ngayo amaJamani yaba imfuno ye abaqhankqalazi yokuhlanganisa ilizwe abanemfundo. impumelelo esiPhakathi yaba kokubizwa kwipalamente jikelele - Frankfurt IPalamente ngokunjalo ukupheliswa imingcele.

Kunjalo, Uqhankqalazo laseYurophu abathintela, yaye beza umngcangcazelisi, kodwa ngaphandle ekufezekiseni iziphumo ezibambekayo. I-revolution yamaphephandaba eFransi kwakhona ibonakalise ukuba yimpumelelo enkulu kakhulu kunokuba aluphumelelanga amalinge abamelwane. Kwamanye amazwe (umzekelo: i-UK neRashiya) abazange akukho inkcaso kakhulu ngamandla, nangona ngezizathu injongo ukuba ukungoneliseki abantu abasemngciphekweni ulahlekile kuyo yonke indawo.

Iziphumo ngo France

Revolution eFransi, yitafile ligubungela iminyaka emininzi kwinkulungwane XIX, wasilela ukudala iimeko ukuze inkqubo ezinzileyo yezopolitiko. Sebeza amandla Lui Bonapart iminyaka emininzi gameli yakhe, wakwazi ukuba babambe umbuso wathi yena umlawuli. State wenze loop lingakumbi kuphuhliso yayo iye yabuyela kwiminyaka embalwa eyadlulayo. Nangona kunjalo, iminyaka ubukhosi yafikelela esiphelweni. Amava ngo-1848 kuye kwenza ukuba isizwe emva kokoyiswa kwi imfazwe Prussia ukubuyela inkqubo republic.