Yintoni a GPU (GPU): yonke ezama umsebenzi. I Cheka yahlukile ukusuka GPU

Februwari 6, 1922 i-Central Executive Committee CPSU (b) yamkela isigqibo malunga nokusekwa weCandelo Political State. Yintoni GPU? KwiBolsheviks akazange sihambelane umzimba yangaphambili karayusche-ukulawula - i Cheka? Siya kuzama ukuba uphendule kweli nqaku.

ngokuhlanganisa i Cheka

Phambi kokuba uphendule lo mbuzo, yintoni na GPU, kuyimfuneko ukuba ukuqonda isizathu sokuba bayeke ukwanelisa Cheka (All-Russian Extraordinary Commission) ngo-1922, amalungu beqela.

Cheka yasekwa kungekudala emva yamaBolshevik ekuthatheni ngamandla. Ndawonye imbala baye kwesi siganeko mbuso, kwaye historiography yiSoviet kwathiwa "The Great Oktobha Socialist Revolution." Sikhumbula ukuba ngoFebruwari 1917, sele kudlule le revolution omkhulu yoohlohlesakhe. Umlawuli uchithwa, amandla kufuneka uye ngurhulumente wedemokhrasi - iNdibano neqela. Noko ke, ngo-Oktobha 25, uLenin kunye namaqabane akhe kuthwalelwa phandle ekuthatheni wezigalo ngamandla.

Ngokwendalo, imikhosi revolution ayizange ukuxhasa bayaya entsha enjalo. Inkcaso babizwa "counter", ngamanye amazwi, abaxhasi counter-revolution. Emva koko, lo gama kwaqala ukuxhobisa bonke abo ngandlel 'akazange avumelane izenzo kwiBolsheviks. Kuyinto ukujongana "counter" waza wadala yiKomishoni-Russian Zonke Extraordinary ngoDisemba 1917. Kuye ephethwe F. Dzerzhinsky, uWele "Iron Felix" lomlinganiswa olomeleleyo nesimo nzima.

Kutheni Cheka wayeka ukwanelisa kwiBolsheviks?

Cheka - umzimba lwezohlwayo, umsebenzi sakhe esithe ngqo nxamnye abaxhasi ekhawuntareni-revolution. "Contra" wayengase athi nawuphi na ummi ngandlel ibonakalise ukunganeliseki kunye norhulumente yangoku. Ukuze uqonde ukuba yintoni na GPU nendlela olwahlukileyo Cheka, dwelisa umbutho lwezohlwayo igunya. amagosa zokhuseleko asendle amandla mda. noxanduva lwabo luquka:

• A uphendlo nangaliphi na ixesha emini okanye ebusuku ngaphandle ingcaciso.
• Ukubanjwa kunye imibuzo nayiphi umrhanelwa, ngokutsho iKGB, ngummi.
• Expropriation impahla ukusuka 'kulaks "kunye" counter "ngaphandle kwentlawulo okanye kwetyala. Zeziphi practice kwakhokelela inkunzi iyonke.
• Nokugcinwa kunye nokubulawa ngaphandle kwetyala.

akakho omnye umntu olawula amagosa zokhuseleko. Bona ingqalelo ngokwabo "ekhethekileyo" kufanelekile ukuba athabathe nawaphi na amanyathelo kwi "iimfuno revolution" nanxamnye "imfazwe kwi counter". A ukudutyulwa ngaphandle kwetyala ngexesha i "Lunxunguphalo Red" got amawaka abemi abaqhelekileyo. Chekists ngokwabo ngamanye amaxesha musa Nindibonile umtyholwa. Babulawelwa lwenziwa emva kokuba ukulungiselela izintlu ezithile. Ngokufuthi unobangela yobundlobongela waba negama, inkangeleko, umsebenzi kunye nabanye. The iiBolsheviks iphumelele imfazwe yamakhaya, ngoko ke ingqalelo amanyathelo ingcinezelo ezi meko. Emva koko kwenzeka into yatshintsha ngokupheleleyo iingqondo kwiBolsheviks: Kwafika imfazwe abalimi kunye namajoni. Eyona idumileyo - i Tambov qhankqalazo. Kwabaneenkani kusetyenziswa izixhobo zeekhemikhali, abantwana nabafazi luqalile bathunyelwa kwiinkampu, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ooyise amadoda ukuba anikezele. Kodwa Bamangaliswa oyinyaniso kwimvukelo in Kronstadt. Enyanisweni, lo iiBolsheviks wenza engangempi babazisa amandla. Emva koko kuye kwacaca: singakwazi ukuya phambili.

GPU: yombhalo

GPU imela Main Directorate Political. Ngokuhlanganisa i Cheka kwenzeka Februwari 6, 1922. Emva kokuba nokudalwa USSR kwasekwa ngoNovemba 1923, i-OGPU - Ulawulo Political United State. Ukuma ehlanganisiweyo engenise GPU le NKVD of the RSFSR (i-Main iCandelo Political of National Commissariat of Internal Affairs of the Russian Soviet eManyeneyo Socialist Republic), kwakunye nazo zonke umbutho owayesakuba Cheka kunye GPU kwezinye republic. Enyanisweni, onke amalungu saa lwezohlwayo zaye zabandakanywa kwinkqubo yolawulo emanyeneyo kwaye zicacile. Ngoko ke, yintoni na GPU (igama elizeleyo), siye wabalaselisa. Sibala utshintsho zasekhaya eyalandela indalo yalo mbutho.

Ilinganisela eyabo KGB

Ukuhlaziywa iye yehla kakhulu nalwazelelelo of Fighters with "counter." Unya iyonke yafikelela esiphelweni. Kakade ke, abasebenzi intsimi GPU nayo overdid izinto, kodwa leyo echasene nomthetho; ngokuba apho isigwebo ekulindeleke. Nkqu iinkokeli phezulu iKGB - Yagoda kunye Yezhov - ziye shot ukuba nalwazelelelo kunye bend amaninzi.

Emva kokuba ngokutsha kwe-Main Directorate Political Ayibuyanga ku Kara, kunye nemibutho nokunyanzeliswa komthetho. linobuchule naye ekulweni neentshaba kunye iintlola, ukhuseleko umda, ukulawula umsebenzi zamapolisa, kunye nabanye. iinkundla Noko ke, ngoku, zonke ezo khomiwile nokubulawa amisiweyo, Andigezi KGB. Ukongezelela, kwabakho ukwehla okukhulu kwabasebenzi entsimini kunye nomsebenzi ngokwawo kulawulwa yi abasebenzi be-ofisi yomtshutshisi.

Enyanisweni, kwakukho ukuhla kwamagosa zokhuseleko, ngaphambi kokuba akukho ulawulo phezu komhlaba, bakwazi ukulungisa nayiphi nalwazelelelo "ngokomdla kwe revolution ', yaye umzimba ukubheka ngqo kwi SNK (Council of Commissars yaBantu). Cheka waba ngaphezu NKVD. Emva kokuba Iinguqu abazange eKGB unit "ekhethekileyo", yaye amagosa amapolisa, njengoko GPU iye yaba yenye iiyunithi NKVD. Office mtshutshisi wadalwa ukongamela umsebenzi arhente entsha.

ukususwa

Ngoko ke, yintoni na GP, siye wafumanisa. Yitsho kancinci malunga kuhlela ngakumbi.

Ngowe-1934, i-OGPU lupheliswe ngokupheleleyo intlangano. Kuyamanyaniswa ngokupheleleyo kunye NKVD. Ukususela 1934 ukuya 1936 wayiqhubela intlangano GG Berry, ukususela 1936 ukuya 1938 - NI Yezhov. Yaye ukususela 1938 - LP Beria. Bonke ke kamva nokubulawa.

Ngowe-1941, i-NKVD yahlulwa i NKVD kunye NKGB (Abantu Commissariat for Security State). NKGB waba ezihlangwini i Cheka-GPU-OGPU.

Ngowe-1946, i-NKGB ukuba uhlelwe i MGB (Ministry of Security State). Emva kokuba amandla, NS Khrushchev MGB iba KBG (ofisi yokhuseleko yesizwe) ngo-1954. Ivela kude ekuweni. Namhlanje imisebenzi GPU ukwenza amasebe nje-4: i-GRU (Main Intelligence Directorate), i-FSB (Federal Service Ukhuseleko), Uphando Committee National Guard.

Nangona kunjalo, i "KGB" ezihlangwini kuqwalaselwa kuphela FSB.