Ngamagosa - i-ofisi ye-Boyar Duma

Ngamagosa - inkundla kunye ibhotwe kwi elikwinqanaba 13 - ekuqaleni 18 leminyaka th. Ngabo abantu zezona zikufuphi kumthetheli emva izinduna. Ekuqaleni, umlawuli wabo Wayengqongwe kancinane, kodwa ekuhambeni kwexesha banda ixabiso kunye nezopolitiko ubunzima babo, ukuze kangangeenkulungwane bebefudula sele kuthathwa abacebisi kunye nabancedisi nabathetheli kunye nookumkani kamva.

Iimpawu ubudala

In Russia aphakathi ehlabathini abathetheli bebesoloko kwasekwa wabasebenzi, abacebisi kunye nabancedisi ababebizwa ngokuba yi omnye ligama "eyadini abantu." Phakathi kwabo kwakukho kwiiseli ezininzi ngaphezulu kwakukho izinduna, ngamagosa kunye nezidwangube Duma. wafika kuqala kwiintsapho zobunene yaye ngophakathi amafa. Babekwazi kuba inkxaso oluthembekileyo komlawuli, kodwa ngaxeshanye, ngenxa imvelaphi yazo amanene badla ayenganelisekanga ngomda amandla abo kunye nempembelelo, yaye ngaloo ndlela maxa wambi wema ngokuchasene enkosini yakhe. Kulo mba inkosi okolnichy yaba inkxaso oluthembekileyo ngakumbi eyenzelwa inkosi: i noko enye eliqikelelwayo, oko ukuba kunjalo ngaphantsi ezindilekileyo, kuxhomekeke kakhulu umlawuli ngaphezu izidwangube generic. Duma iingangamsha kwakhona sithwele nabathetheli kunye nookumkani, kodwa nkqu ngaphantsi kakuhle kuneminye zayo.

ukuvela

Ngamagosa - aba ngabantu abenza ezininzi imisebenzi enkundleni. Imvelaphi eli gama kusenokwenzeka ukuba ezinxulumene elithi "ngayo", yaye libhekisela ebantwini zazikufuphi rhoqo kubalawuli. Sisihlandlo sokuqala abakuluhlu ibhekisela ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-13. Esi sithuba kwafikela kwi ubulawuli eMoscow. Prince Semyon Nekratshi limbi ibhekisa la amanani sivunywe yakhe edumileyo isivumelwano kunye nabazalwana, yabhalwa ngo 1348. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho abambalwa kakhulu (abantu abathathu ukuya kwabahlanu).

imisebenzi

Kuyabonakala ukuba, ixesha elithile emva kokuvela kwesi sikhundla kwakucingwa ukuba ngamagosa - aba ngabantu abasebenze kwinjoli, oko kukuthi, ukuba amalungiselelo namatheko, imisitho, nabathetheli bakhonza kunye ookumkani lokuphambukela kwabo, silungiselwe indawo yabo yokupaka (babizwa ngokuba kwiinkampu) nangaphandle, nisamkelela izigidimi angaphandle kunye nogunyaziso.

Emva koko, ke, lo umda imisebenzi yabo kwandiswa, kwaye aba bantu bamiselwa kwizikhundla uxanduva okwandayo: umzekelo, ayedla waba yintloko webutho, nabalawuli kwimimandla neentloko kwee-odolo. Inani labo enkundleni njengenkosana wakhulela, kwakuba kakhulu phantsi Ivan III kunye Ivan labangcangcazelisi. Kodwa le ntsingiselo kwacaca ngakumbi xa Romanov yokuqala. Mhlawumbi ke isiko waba kufutshane elide kubalawuli. abamelwane ezingaphakathi okanye ngamagosa - asondelelane Abacebisi yokumkani, leyo, ngenxa impembelelo kwabo igqithile izinduna. abantu abanjalo, kwakukho bambalwa, kodwa ifuthe labo badla okungaphazamisa isigqibo kakumkani.

Boyar Duma

Yaba ibhunga ngokusigxina abathetheli kunye nookumkani. Ophetheyo zakhe ubukhulu becala kwezoqoqosho-yezolawulo nemiba zomkhosi. Ukwakhiwa Boyar Duma baba ngamagosa kunye izinduna, izidwangube kunye oomabhalane dumnyi. ukuma kwawo kwibhunga lolawulo kwakubalulekile kakhulu, ngenxa yokuba kaninzi baphathiswe ukuba akhokele hambo iishelufu abasezikhundleni kwabalawuli. Indima yebhunga lolawulo ngokukodwa yaligqiba kwinkulungwane ye-16, xa uRhulumente eMoscow ekugqibeleni inkqubo yolawulo ngokwemimiselo ngokusekelwe odolo kwakhiwa. Ngokulandelelanayo, yaye landise inani labantu abahlala kweso sithuba.

inani

Lo mkhosi ngenqindi phantsi zingacalulani yaba iqela eyahlukileyo ngenkulungwane ye-16. Ke iingangamsha ziye zohlulwa iindidi ezimbini: eyokuqala, kufutshane isikhulu, owesibini lafumana okolnichy isihloko awuthimba indawo owayamileyo ngokunxulumene kudidi lokuqala. Njengokuba kuphawuliwe mbali kwaziwe Kliuchevskoi owayefunda ngokweenkcukacha ekwakhiweni Boyar Duma, Okolnichy becala lwaluquka ungunyana wabanumzana untitled. Ngokuqhelekileyo, le didi yayiquka i servitor indala izinduna Moscow, leyo kwasekwa ngenkulungwane ye-14, nangona kunjalo, kuba ikwazile ukugcina indawo yayo kwiinkulungwane ezalandelayo, xa kukho ugxalathelwano ngabafo obizwa omtsha abalawuli babesakuba yunithi, leyo ahlala isikhundla lawula ebhodini likaRhulumente eMoscow.

kokuphathwa

Igosa ubekwa inkosi zipheliswe ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane ye-18 emva kokuba uPetros I yakhe edumileyo "Uluhlu sezikhundla." Umgaqo ephambili bemiqathango yawo ukuxatyiswa lobuqu ngokubanzi, nto leyo ithetha ukwanda eposini, nangona inqanaba ungunyana wabanumzana okanye gentility. Oku, sigcine, iye yatshintsha inkqubo yolawulo iphela zombini iinkqubo zomkhosi nezigwebo, nto leyo, batshintsha indlela yokuma koluntu Russian. Enyanisweni, uluhlu okolnichy kwakhona ngokuyinxenye yenzelwe kumgaqo inkonzo kule nkonzo. Ngapha koko, abantu aba-ofisi, ziye ngaphantsi kakuhle azalwe, kunokuba, umzekelo, izinduna, ozimiselweyo ngokwesithethe ngabalawuli eMoscow phakathi kwinzala neentsapho yamandulo njengenkosana of Rurik kunye Gediminas. Ngoko ke, isihloko okolnichy kufikelelwa ngokusebenzisa ubuchule zobuqu okanye iimpawu. Noko ke, sekunjalo umgaqo gentility wathabatha indima enkulu apha, kuba le ndawo kuphela ibango ngumntu imvelaphi amanene, ngoxa umabhalane yamatyala, umzekelo, baba ngokufuthi amadoda imvelaphi abathobekileyo, abathe baphumelela isikhundla sakhe ngokusebenzisa ubuchule bakhe yaye uyakwazi ukwenza ishishini.