Pavlovskaya yotshintsho ka 1991: ebangela, iziphumo

Abaninzi khumbula ukuba unyaka yotshintsho Pavlovian kwakhokelela ukudinwa yokugqibela abantu Soviet. Oku kudla ebizwa ngalo igama lokuqala yaye, enyanisweni, umphathiswa yokugqibela yinkulumbuso eSoviet Union. Makhe siqwalasele ngakumbi yintoni eyenza utshintsho Pavlovian ka-1991: ebangela, zigaba, imiphumela iinguqulelo.

Imeko kweli lizwe

Ukususela ngo-1991 akukho nto intle ukuba liphele eSoviet Union kwakungekho zimpawu. Ngomhla ngaphandle ukungqubana yelizwe lwaqho inter-lobuhlanga kwiivenkile kwakukho ukunqongophala jikelele abantu emgceni emigceni emide. inguqu Economic Gorbachev weza ilothe nto, ukuhlengahlengiswa akukhange kusebenze. Urhulumente wazama ukususa ukusuka acwangcisiweyo ukuya inkqubo yoqoqosho emarikeni. Noko ke, nangokwamaziko urhulumente Ndandingekakulungeli kule - kweli lizwe akabanga abantu eziyimfuneko kunye nabasemagunyeni. Abaninzi lwabemi nako ukunika imali eyaneleyo ukutya nempahla mveliso. Abantu baqhele ezishelifini engenanto. Uphuhliso kuphela HIV ngexesha - intlawulo kubakho umvuzo eqhelekileyo. Ngokuqinisekileyo, urhulumente waqonda ukuba xa uqala ukuba sakubambezela kunye neendleko zabasebenzi, oko kuya kukhokelela kuqhankqalazo abaninzi. Kwaye lo rhulumente Akunakwenzeka ukuba avumele. Abantu kweso akazange afune isixa esikhulu wobutyebi. Yabemi eSoviet Union eqhele izithintelo, ukunqongophala, ikheswa. Wonke waphila ukusuka kwabe ukuya kwabe, efuna ukondla iintsapho zabo iimveliso kwindawo yokuqala neyesibini - lwezindlu. Ngokutsho prof. Volchik uhlobo khona unikezelo kwemfuneko imali conditioner ezifumanayo amaziko kukuba iveza indlela ecwangcisiweyo yolawulo. inguqu engangqinelaniyo kunye ingalawuleki watshabalalisa inkqubo esembindini kumntu wonke, kodwa zange isandla nokusekwa kweendlela kwimarike zolawulo kunye namaziko.

Kutheni Pavlovian ngokutsha yaqala ngo 1991?

Imali kweli lizwe kakhulu. Nangona kunjalo, kwiimeko ntlekele ngoku, ke devalued rhoqo yaye yaba liphepha inkunkuma ongenangqondo. Isizathu esemthethweni kwathiwa ekulweni engamaphepha alalanisayo, "iphoswe avela kwamanye amazwe." Ukongeza, urhulumente wagqiba ukuba arhoxise imivuzo unearned. Loo ingxelo yezizathu kungaphezulu eziqhelekileyo ukuya ideology eSoviet. Ngokungekho, kwakucacile ukuba injongo ephambili - nokuphelisa engamaphepha, ziprintwe kwi-80 emva kwexesha. ukwenza sotsgaranty kuyo amaninzi labemi kwaye someleze nokunqongophala iimveliso yabathengi.

utshintsho Organizer

iinguqu waba umbhali Valentin Pavlov, oneminyaka eli-53 ubudala "lweli karhulumente capitalism", uMphathiswa wezeMali. Ngowe-1986, koko wabubhekisa iKomiti State of the USSR kumaxabiso. Ngako oko, ubengazi kweyabo kodwa meko. Pavlov kudala sele ikhangela iindlela ezahlukileyo yemali evela impahla karhulumente, angakhuselekanga. Yomxhaso isithuba solungiselelo ngoJulayi 1989, yena rhoqo ukucinga ingcamango yotshintsho. Ngokwezigqibo necebo lakhe, kuphuculo ziquka kungekuphela nje ukususwa imali engaphezulu, kodwa kwakhona negalelo ekunyukeni kwamaxabiso, kuthathelwa ingqalelo iindleko zeenkonzo kunye nempahla.

eguqula ongakhetha

Pavlovskaya lwemali yotshintsho ka-1991 vule a magama ezimbalwa. Phakathi kwabo kwakukho abo ngaphambili yasetyenziswa kwamanye amazwe. Lwaphuhliswa kwaye magama yinto ngamazwi. Ngokomzekelo, njengokuba olunye ukhetho yaba ukuqaliswa 'imali enxuseneyo "elandela umzekelo zegolide of sharing-20., Kodwa non-cash kwegazi. Omunye umqondo ithathe ukurhoxiswa confiscatory ngaphandle exchange yamaphepha ezindala kunye nendlela wolawulo lwamatyala of ifezekiswe. utshintshwano ezinjalo lwenziwa ngo-1948, kule waseJamani Chancellor Adenauer. Isiphumo lezo nya i "ngomgunyathi." Kwakukho omnye, kwizibhambathiso, leyo angaya kubuyekezo Pavlovian ka-1991. Imali, imbuyekezo apho Kuthathwa kwi-sikhokelo imali ngqo esingatshintshiyo, ingakumbi bekungekho bantu. Noko ke, ulawulo inikwe utshintshiselwano lwemali kazwelonke kunye utshintsho olumandla. Kule meko i ukukhulula imali engaphezulu imali echazwe ngokuthe ngqo,. Umfundisi baphikelela ukuziphatha ngokukhawuleza nguqulelo ukuba akukho mali ebhankini, yaye "kwi njengezingxobo qanda", okanye abantu abanalo ixesha, okanye azikhange zikwazi ukuba kudlula ngokupheleleyo. ICandelo loMphathiswa Finance akukho mathandabuzo ukuba uninzi lwabantu yemivuzo ngamandla ukugcina nto, ugcine kuphela "abantu abanganyanisekanga" aba emahlelweni ezinkulu indlwane iqanda.

zinguquko isizathu

Pavlovskaya yotshintsho ka 1991 yavunywa yi Gorbachev. Ukulungiselela le njongo ke kuyimfuneko ukuzithethelela. Pavlov wasebenzisa indlela-eyaziwa elide. Ngexesha lasehlotyeni ngo-1990, waza wafaka ngenxa igama Gorbachev kunye Ryzhkov inowuthi mfihlakalo. Kulo umfundisi icacisa imfuneko isikipa kuphela amanqaku 50 engange-100 ngo-1961. into yokuba umthamo omkhulu kuthunyelwe kwamanye amazwe. Ryzhkov, ekubeni ngelo xesha usihlalo IBhunga laBaphathiswa icele isiqinisekiso abasemagunyeni amasiko. ingxelo ukuba i umda idla anqumle amatyala-ezilishumi kunokuba amakhulu. Ingxoxo waqalisa, nto leyo yakhokelela Ryzhkov sachithwa. Gorbachev, yokulahlekelwa ngokukhawuleza kuthandwa phakathi inginginya, kwakufuneka umntu owayeza kuthatha uxanduva amanyathelo ezilandelayo. Pavlov inayo kule ndima. January 14, 1991 candidacy yakhe evunyiweyo kwisikhundla sokuba yinkulumbuso.

IKhabhinethi manual

Pavlov waqalisa ukusebenza inkulumbuso ngenkcazelo. Ne-waka eziphakamileyo, wabaqinisekisa ukuba akukho ukulungiselela uhlaziyo elizayo ukuba iyenziwa. Wathi ukuba inguqu zemali - yinxalenye kuphela uluhlu lwemisebenzi egxininisa ukuphucuka koqoqosho. ebambe Asihlali ngokutsha imali ngaphandle ekusombululeni ezinye iingxaki into ngamampunge, kuba akakulandeli kukhokelela naziphi na iziphumo. Ukongeza, iNkulumbuso wathi inguqu kuqoqosho iya kuxabisa engange billion 5. Ke wabhekisela ekupheleni intetho yakhe ezazikho ngelo xesha kwimveliso amandla engamaphepha kuya kuvumela ukuze yande ngenani elithandekayo engamaphepha ezintsha kwisithuba seminyaka emithathu.

Imincili phakathi kwabantu

Abemi Soviet, kudala ibihlaba yembono njengokuhlaba zobunkokeli, kakuhle ukuqonda kakuhle eli rhwebo, kodwa waba iqhinga ezimdaka ngakwicala qela. Umntu wokuqala kweli lizwe sele uyekile ukusebenzisa nayiphi ukuzithemba na. Ulwazi malunga ngokutsha ezayo langena ebanganini, ngoko abanye abemi kwafuneka atshintshe 'amakhulu "kunye" iingqekembe zesiliva "kwangaphambili. Phambi kokubhiyozela zokupapashwa ngokutshintshiselana yabemi kuye kwafuneka ixesha "ukutshintsha" imali kwizikhululo zikaloliwe kwaye engaphantsi, iivenkile, abaqhubi beeteksi. Noko ke, le "Lucky" zaba iyunithi. Zonke orhanelwa utshintsho, kodwa akukho mntu wayesazi nini okanye iza kuqhutywa ngayo. utshintsho elizayo ngazo kuyo yonke indawo; kwezothutho, iiyunivesithi, iifama, kushishino, emkhosini. Inkoliso yabantu weza kwelinye icala ukuya kwisigqibo sokuba "ukugcina, enyanisweni, akukho nto" yaye kwelinye - ". Ekhohlisa kunjalo"

Pavlovskaya imali utshintsho: intshukumo "isenzo"

January 22, Gorbachev isalelo, ekuthi ngawo kuyekiswe ejikeleza 50 kunye namanqaku imali engange-100 ngo-1961. yaye kwaneso amanqaku amatsha ezincinane. Ukususela ngoko waqalisa ngokutsha Pavlovian ka-1991 Imali labemi yaba ngaphantsi kunoko bekulindelwe. Exchange kwemali kwi-mali efikelela kwi-1 amawaka. Hlikihla. iintsuku eziveliswe ezintathu kuphela - 23 no-25 Januwari (ngoLwesithathu ukuya ngoLwesihlanu). Kulo mzekelo, notsalo yonqongophaliselwa engange-500 Sberbank. Exchange owayevunyelwe kude kube ngoMatshi kodwa iimvumelwano ezizodwa. Bona ingqalelo zonke kwimeko olungekho osikiweyo ngokwahlukeneyo. Ngelo xesha abemi kufuneka baxelelwe apho wafumana imali engaphezu kwewaka 1. Le umongameli wayifunda kwi-9 emva kwemini, xa phantse yonke imibutho lwalungasamncedi. Abemi abaninzi abanengqondo yokothuka yaqala ukonga imali yazo. Umntu indulumbane translation, umntu wathenga amatikiti moya okanye uloliwe kwi moya ezahlukeneyo, Kwathi emva koko kubo. Nangona kunjalo, lonke eli xesha ukwenza iyunithi kuphela.

inkqubo exchange

guqula Pavlovskaya udale imigca ezinkulu sele ngentsasa-23 Januwari. I-ofisi ka Sberbank baba 'iindwendwe' of ubunini babo yabasebenzi, leyo lwatshintsha imikhosi bill yonke. Calculation isikhokelo zeveki ngokuyinxenye ugwetyelwe. Abantu abaninzi nje abanalo ixesha ukufumana ukusuka imveliso ukuya kwiindonga. Nakuba kunjalo, kwiindawo ezithile lolawulo yengingqi ukuhlangabezana ebantwini. ofisi Exchange kuye kwavulwa ekuveliseni, iposi. Le migca kwabona iingxabano, umntu wagula. Ngenxa yoko, le yotshintsho lwemali Pavlovian kuvunyelwa ukuba lirhoxe elinabantu 14 billion engange. Abaququzeleli, Kakade ke, wayefuna ukuba bambambe ngaphezulu kwe 51,5 billion ukusuka 133 ezigidi (malunga 39%). Uhlaziyo Pavlovskaya, ukongeza, kuquka qhwa imali ebhankini. Ngezi mali yabiwe-40% ngonyaka. Noko ke, abazange bakwazi ukufumana ngaphambi ngaphezu konyaka ozayo ,.

iziphumo

uguquko Pavlovian wancipha ingeniso yesizwe. Xa kuthelekiswa 1990 lehle nge-20%. Ngelo xesha landa kakhulu kwesabelo sezimali. Ngokutsho koqikelelo lwabemi ezahlukeneyo, ngowe-1991 sasifana 20-30% ye-GDP. Xa kwagqitywa utshintsho Pavlovian, oko yayiququzelelwe ngezityholo iibhanki basemzini, bebatyhola imisebenzi eququzelelweyo ejoliswe ezinokuphazamisana lokuhamba kwemali kwi-USSR. Xa Inqanaba lesibini iinguqu, kungekho nayiphi na isaziso phambi ngoAprili 2 kweli lizwe lenyuka amaxabiso zemveliso nangona eminyaka, bahlala kwinqanaba izinzile. Konke oku kuye kwakhokelela ekubeni ilahleko ngokupheleleyo na ukuzithemba iinkokheli zeqela. Uluntu ingqalelo ngokwabo baphanga kabini.

isiphelo

Njengoko iziphumo uluvo loluntu kubonisa yotshintsho Pavlovian yaba sesinye sezizathu eziphambili ukungaphumeleli mdibi. Waziwa, lithatyathwe evela babebambelele kunye urhulumente Politburo ngo-1991, kuyaphawuleka phakathi kwamalungu putsch wenguquko waya Valentin Pavlov. Kamva, wathi ngelo xesha bambalwa abantu baqaphela kwaye bakholwa ukuba sikhanyise umba eceleni. Ekupheleni January, abemi 91 ilizwe th akuxhomekekanga kuphela Ububuxolela yamaphepha angekhoyo kodwa inxalenye kunye elidlulileyo yayo. Abantu abahlala Vladikavkaz, owabona ezi ziganeko, kwaye ngoku rhoqo ukhunjulwa January 26, ngosuku emva kokuba imincili jikelele, phambi kaRhulumente Bank wabonakala umntu kakuhle enxibe kunye isutikheyisi. Wayivula waza wagalela imfumba ikhephu kwi yase-engange-50 waza wabeka umlilo kubo. Ukususela ngokombono modernity, njengako Volchik, le fomu yokuvuselelwa akwamkelekanga kwaphela. Noko ke, ukuba ziphonononge imeko njengoko wenza yolawulo lwangaphambili, enye indlela iinguqu zemali akazange elula. Phantse zonke ezi nguqulelo ezahlukeneyo USSR confiscatory. Kwaye le "action" ekuqaleni 90 yaba, wayexakekile.