Njani le ncwadi. Xa incwadi yokuqala

Le ncwadi ngokusondeleyo edibene namanye izinto ezinkulu kumaxesha amandulo - ngokubhala, iphepha, i-inki. wenza njani incwadi yokuqala , kwaye limelwe - ngakumbi oku.

Inkcazo kunye nemvelaphi igama

Book ngengqiqo mihla ilizwi - uhlobo olulodwa imveliso, equka amaphepha okanye amaxwebhu apho yoshicilelo okanye indlela ngokudibanisa isicelo naluphi na ulwazi.

Kwi ulwimi Slavonic kwathiwa «kniga". Wavele, eli gama liye abolekwe kwiilwimi zamandulo eTurkey. Kwakuthetha "umsongo."

Xa incwadi yokuqala? Impendulo yalo mbuzo ifuna ukuhlolwa iimeko ngaphandle apho ayikwazanga kwenzeke. Okokuqala - oku kulwenziwo iirekhodi (iphepha) umbandela, yaye kuthetha ukuba ukugcina ulwazi (ngencwadi ebhaliweyo). Kuphela emva kokuba ukubonakala kwazo imbali le ncwadi yaqala.

yokubhala

Le ncwadi iqulathe ulwazi oluthile. Ukubhala ngayo, kufuneka le miqathango ilandelayo: ilifa script kunye nezinto zokubhala. Kumaxesha amandulo abantu basebenzisa ngomlomo ulwazi. Xa ke babembalwa, ngale ndlela ezayo. Kodwa ke sibe ulwazi oluyimfuneko ukufumana iindlela ezintsha yokudluliswa kunye nokugcinwa. Ngoko ke abantu basungule yokubhala. Ke kaloku bonke abantu bayazi malunga ehlabathini, kwaba kuyenzeka ukuba bakhumbuze, ngaloo ukulondoloza ulwazi esibalulekileyo izizukulwana ezizayo.

wenza njani le ncwadi? Le yenye yeyona mibuzo umdla kwimbali yoluntu. Phendula kube nzima, kuba imeko siphambili imbonakalo iincwadi - zokubhala, wazalwa phantse ngexesha elifanayo eMesopotamiya naseYiputa yamandulo. Noko ke, namasundu kulo mba, izazinzulu ukunika Sumerians, ekholelwa ukuba eMesopotamiya (eMesopotamiya) yaba lilizwe lokuqala apho kwakukho script.

Yintoni kubhalwe kumaxesha amandulo?

wenza njani le ncwadi? indima ebalulekileyo kule wadlala lokubhalela. impucuko nganye, evula indlela yayo kakhulu ukuba ubhale ingcaciso, uye usetyenziswe ukugcina ulwazi ngezinto ezahlukeneyo: izityalo iziqu, amagqabi, amacwecwe odongwe, umthi ixolo, metal.

.K - izinto endala yokubhala. Bathi yeentlobo ezimbini: wax nodongwe. amandla ezintsha ze ngokuqhelekileyo emsebenzini, kunye izilungiso umbhalo emva kokuba kwakuba nzima ukuba. Amacwecwe wax ikuvumela ukuba kususwe ileyibhile kwaye ufake entsha. Zazisetyenziswa eMesopotamiya yamandulo neRoma.

Scrolls ezenziwe yeengcongolo zinti, esetyenziswa kuqala ngamaYiputa amandulo. Ngoko olu hlobo phepha waqalisa kusetyenziselwa ukubhala ngamaFenike yaye kamva amaGrike ndaqhelana naye. Kangangethuba elide imisongo zasetyenziswa njenge kunokuba lula ukuba iirekhodi eziphathekayo. Ngenxa ubu yeengcongolo ayikwazi isongwe, kodwa oku ziwe ibe elilodwa elide, nto leyo elula yokugcina ezishelifini. Ukongeza, i-inki ukusuka ngqangi lulula ndakuhlambulula, kwaye anokuphinda asetyenziswe.

Xa incwadi yokuqala - yintoni inzululwazi ithi?

Umbhalo kwi amatye yamandulo, amatye, amathambo ezilwanyana, le ncwadi kubizwa ngokuba. Ezi ngxelo ngamnye kunokuba kwisicatshulwa. Kodwa njengoko ingcaciso efunyenweyo ngethuba lokwenza uphando zakudala, ukuvela iincwadi zokuqala emuva kudala. Ngokwangaphandle, zahluke kakhulu noogxa babo mihla.

Iincwadi zokuqala bubonakala BC III kwiwaka. e. eMesopotamiya yamandulo. Amacwecwe odongwe wadubula zifunjwe kwiibhokisi yamaplanga, ngalinye limele i "ncwadi" eyahlukileyo. ERoma yamandulo, 2-4 iipleyiti semali kunye, kwaye ikhowudi wafumana (incwadi) of "sheets" eziliqela.

wenza njani le ncwadi yokuqala bamandulo?

Kangangexesha elide imisongo ngqangi baba ngokubanzi. Kodwa bona-obufutshane, yaye ngenene papyrus eYiputa wakhula izityalo ngokuya kunyamalala. Nokufika ubuKristu neetekisi engcwele oko kwakufuneka zisebenziseke ngakumbi yaye kulula ukumelana. Baba ngesikhumba eyenziwe ngesikhumba izilwanyana. Kakhulu ngokufuthi esetyenziselwa imveliso yalo izikhumba iibhokhwe, iigusha kunye namathole. Izikhumba ngokuthi isongwe ngaphandle umonakalo. Ekuhambeni kwexesha, oko waqala ukwenza iincwadi.

Iincwadi zokuqala of the Ages Aphakathi iphantse akukho kwahluka kwifom mihla. Ziqulethe amaphepha amaninzi kwaye isiciko. iincwadi ezinjalo eninzi kakhulu. It yenza kuthathwa ukuya ku-500 izikhumba zezilwanyana kunye neminyaka 2-3 zomsebenzi lwababhali kunye namagcisa. zaye Kaninzi ezihonjiswe lomvuzo ngegolide, namatye anqabileyo eninzi.

wenza njani le ncwadi eRashiya? Ke ukuba kwilizwe lethu, iye imbali yaso imbonakalo-ngqangi yokuqala kunye neetekisi. Le nkcazelo yemveli ngeleta XI-XV eminyaka kwabakho kukho ixolo Merit ezinde. Baye kuqala yafunyanwa kukuninzi Veliky Novgorod ngenkulungwane yokuqala XX.

Birch ixolo kwaba izinto zakhiwe kwaye cheap njengefama imbalelwano zabucala. amaxwebhu Okubaluleke ngakumbi yesikhumba ebhalwe.

Yazo - A iphepha elitsha kwimbali yimbonakalo le ncwadi

Yesandla imali eninzi, ukuthenga akanaso ukuba amakhaya zabo kuphela abantu esisityebi kunene. KumaXesha Aphakathi abantu abangabanini idiploma waba okungenamsebenzi. Baba kakhulu neemonki, izifundiswa kunye namagosa kwamagosa karhulumente (ababhali).

Kwinkulungwane VIII eYurophu kukho zedyunivesithi kuqala. States ifuna inani elikhulu labantu abafundileyo. Kodwa abakwazi ukufikelela abafundi yokuthenga tomes eninzi. Amaninzi, kuphela ncwadi unjingalwazi wayenika intetho, kwaye abafundi ukuba uyigcine.

Ngelo xesha, e-China kunye eMpuma, sele isetyenziswe anemifanekiso - ukushicilela kwi ilaphu. Kodwa le ndlela eninzi, kuba ilaphu ngokwalo imali eninzi.

EYurophu, kunye nokufika iphepha kwinkulungwane XV ekuqaleni, ushicilelo kokusungulwa kusetyenziswa uhlobo ngesandla. Ngokwemveli, ngowokuqala ukuyityhila le ndlela yokuvelisa iincwadi uJohann Guttenberg. Enyanisweni, uhlobo enokususwa sele kusetyenziswa kuyo kumazwe ahlukeneyo aseYurophu. uyilo lwakho olukhulu Gutenberg yaba ukudala umatshini wokushicilela.

Xa kwavela iincwadi eziprintiweyo, kwaba kunokwenzeka ukuba asasaze ulwazi kungekuphela nje imvelo kwiklasi ilungelo: asebukhosini, abefundisi kunye nabameli nenzululwazi. Ngokuthe ngcembe le ncwadi ngokusebenzisa umatshini waba ifumaneke kuluntu xa lulonke.

Xa incwadi yokuqala eshicilelwe Russian? Esi siganeko sibalulekileyo kwenzeka ngo-1564. Ngaphambi koko, eli lizwe liya ngokuqinisekileyo ukungena olu hlobo tomes ngokuthi abakhupheli umatshini. iincwadi ezinjalo akukho ndaba elide eRashiya ngexesha indalo yayo yokuqala.

Incwadi yokuqala Russian eshicilelweyo yaba "uMpostile" - wobugcisa wenene, wadala Ivanom Fedorovym kunye Petrom Mstislavtsem.

wamagama

Umbuzo ngulo, njani le ncwadi isoloko efanelekileyo, kwaye ngaphezu kwesinye umntwana uya sikucela esikolweni okanye ekhaya. Iincwadi, zithwele ulwazi, ziyaguquka ngokuhamba kwexesha. Ngoku uyakwazi ukuphulaphula okanye ukufunda electronic version, kodwa nangoku.