Kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen kwiifoto Austria. Amabanjwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen

EMauthausen wayengomnye ezimbi okufa. Yayikumgama kwi kummandla Austria yaye yaba likhulu lizwe. Ngexesha ubukho eMauthausen kulo sandibulala ngaphezu ikhulu lamawaka amabanjwa. Zonke amabanjwa agcinwe kwiimeko nabuntu, ahlukunyezwe, ukusebenza, kunye nazo zonke iintlobo zokuxhatshazwa.

Ukudalwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yi njengolwaphulo mthetho kuluntu. Ngoku kukho ezininzi zezikhumbuzo kwinkumbulo lamaxhoba ulawulo lwamaNazi.

History of indalo

I kwiinkampu zoxinaniso zokuqala imisiwe ummandla Wesithathu ngxi ngomnyaka wamashumi-wesithathu. Ekuqaleni, kwakukho zabekwa eziphikisayo ulawulo lwamaNazi. Noko ke, kamva waba entolongweni zingaguquka. Innovations ababandakanyekayo Theodor Eicke, uMdali SS imikhosi "Totenkopf". Ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu anesibhozo, inani lamabanjwa liye kakhulu ukwanda. Emva kokuba "ubusuku yezibuko baphuke" onke amaYuda kummandla Wesithathu batshutshiswa. Abaninzi wabanjwa zasiwa kwiinkampu zoxinaniso. Emva kokuba Anschluss amabanjwa kwaba phantse ngokuphindwe kabini. Ukongeza kumaYuda, yaye kuphikiswa kwiinkampu ibithunyelwe kunye nabantu orhanelwa ngokunganyaniseki.

ukwandiswa

Ngenxa inani elikhulu amabanjwa SS kwakufuneka inkampu entsha. Zazakhiwe kwilizwe liphela ngokukhawuleza. kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen bazakhela amabanjwa, abo savela yaseDachau. Baya kwakha ooronta kunye neengcingo. wakha indawo leyo andinyulanga ngengozi. Kufutshane ke isiphambuka kaloliwe olwenza ukuziswa amabanjwa oololiwe. indawo naye enabantu kwaye iflethi. Ekuhambeni kwexesha waba isisulu layo. Ngoko ke, abantu Austria basekuhlaleni bengazi ukuba ecaleni kubo kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen. Izintlu amabanjwa ezivunyiweyo emfihlekweni, ukuze nkqu abasemagunyeni Austrian waba nembono emfiliba malunga entolongweni.

ukusebenzisa First

Kwisiza izakhiwo eMauthausen baba iidipozithi zelitye lenyengane. Kangangeenkulungwane ezininzi siqulunqwe enkwalini yendawo. Ngokuba onke amaxwebhu, izakhiwo ezitsha babegqalwa karhulumente.

Kodwa ke uphuhliso ngqo uye wathenga usomashishini waseJamani. Uxhasa ukwakhiwa lwaqhutywa evela kwinani akhawunti zabucala. Ngokukodwa, isebe waseJamani lombutho ngamazwe "Red Cross" ibekele bucala isixa esikhulu kakhulu kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen. Izintlu amabanjwa kuqala ifakiwe kuphela mthetho. Kodwa kamu kwathiwa, njengabasebenzi.

Noko ke, ekupheleni odolo mathathu anesibhozo baqalisa ukutshintsha ngesiquphe. Emva kokufika amaYuda, Gypsies yaye amabanjwa ezopolitiko Izabelo zemveliso ilukhuni. Eicke waqala ukwenza utshintsho kuzo zonke iinkampu. Ekuqaleni ke bahlela ngokupheleleyo yaseDachau. Ukuziphatha kwaqiniswa, ziye zasetyenziswa sentuthumbo kunye nesohlwayo abaninzi. Bethuna yi kwiiyunithi zemfundo eneemfuno ezizodwa SS elite.

inguqu

Ngonyaka wamashumi amathathu anethoba eMauthausen iba kwinkampu eyahlukileyo. Ngoku amasebe ayo yonke Austria. Kwakukho phantse amahlanu iinkampu abancedisayo. Bona zazimi phezu ummandla imigodi, imizi-mveliso kwimizi-mveliso namanye amashishini, nto leyo efunekayo umsebenzi onzima emzimbeni. Nangona kunjalo, lo nesakhiwo esikhulu ibiya ukugcinwa amabanjwa. Phantse onke amabanjwa kwamanye amazwe kunye ezinkundleni neemeko, kuqala kwaziswa eMauthausen. Emva uhlaselo ePoland kakhulu satshintsha ukwakheka nobuhlanga amabanjwa.

Ukususela empumalanga baqala ukufika emkhosini bethinjiwe Polish kunye namalungu yokunganyangeki phantsi komhlaba. Njengoko inani elikhulu amaYuda Polish. Umthamo kweminquba wakhula. Ekupheleni i-yethoba amathathu zaza zahlala phantsi ku-100 amawaka abantu. Lokubiyela engaphandle Wayengqongwe udonga lwamatye zinezihloko ngocingo oluhlabayo. Ngokusebenzisa kwezikhewu ezincinci iimboniselo. Xa elucingweni iya kubizwa ngokuba "isijwili eludongeni." Yonke imihla kwakukhala ukwakhiwa ngasezindongeni amathathu kwaye iqhube kubizwa.

Kule ndawo, yaye sizibophelele imiboniso enogonyamelo isohlwayo. Ngenxa yombhodamo, impilo enkenenkene okanye ngaphandle naziphi na izizathu amabanjwa shot kuloo ndawo. Kwakhona, ngokufuthi amanye amabanjwa kunye kutshizwa ngamanzi abandayo engqeleni aze avunyelwe ukuba bafe kubanda.

Ngamacala enziwa ebantwini

Emva kokuba sentuthumbo ngamanzi abandayo babulawa ngenkohlakalo ahlukunyezwe amaNazi kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen , Jikelele Karbyshev. Ngokutsho ngawabo, kunye namanye amabanjwa zigcinwe ezibandayo wagalela amanzi umbhobho. Ke abo waphepha i jet, babethwa kunye iiklabhu. Ngoku inkampu ujonga isikhumbuzo Jikelele.

Ngqo ngaphandle intsimi, emfuleni, inkwali ibekwe. Wasebenza phantse onke amabanjwa. selesondele ekuhleni Long kwizinyuko ngokuba "Izinyuko of Death". Ngokutsho amakhoboka wakhe bakhulisa amatye phezulu. Izingxobo ubunzima wayedla ngaphezu amahlanu. A lot of amabanjwa baye bafa kule avuke. Ngenxa yeemeko ezoyikekayo kwaye umsebenzi onzima ukuba nje bawa phezu amanyathelo. Iwile rhoqo wakhawula SS.

chithi sazela

Amabanjwa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen elikhunjulwa ngonaphakade kunye entilini leyo. High nkqo lwamaNazi sokulungelelanisa enyemba obizwa ngokuba "The parachute Wall". Apha kulahlwa phantsi amabanjwa. nokuba ke laya emhlabeni, okanye owa mizila yamanzi, apho ngokoqobo. Ngesiqhelo nabantu amatye belahla ngubani akaba saba nako ukunyamezela umsebenzi hellish. Inani lamaxhoba "udonga" ayaziwa. Ababhali-mbali baye kufunyaniswe ukuba kuphela ngo-1942, emva koko wabulala amakhulu amaYuda, savela Holland.

Kodwa ke yeyona ndawo amanwele ekampini yaba inani amabini block-. Okokuqala, akukho kwahluka enye enqabeni yawo. Kuyo kwakukho abemi Soviet, leyo ukusuka eMpuma Front wazisa eMauthausen. Uluhlu amabanjwa emfazwe athunyelwa Berlin. Ukuba bekukho okuhlola umdla ungubani, athathwa. Abanye, abanduluka.

Xa yesine-mane mabini yinqubo igumbi ukubiyelwa udonga lwamatye a. Ngoko nangoko elise izidumbu. Le block eliguqulelwe lingaba amabanjwa yingozi. Eyona ngaphambili inxaxheba yokusindisa umntu ongumbanjwa eqhelekileyo kwiinkampu imfazwe. "Ukufa uBharaki" lalisetyenziswa njengendawo indawo tempering iiyunithi alwela ezintsha "Totenkopf". Baye akuvumelekanga ngalo naliphi na ixesha lemini isebenza kakhulu kwi kummandla yunithi kunye nendlela abaninzi bafuna ukumbulala amakhoboka. Kamva, le miyalelo ziye zaziswa eminqubeni yonke.

ukubaleka Ukulungiselela

yinkohlakalo, ukusebenza nzima, ukungondleki, ukungcungcuthekiswa engaphele ndawo, nokubulawa kunye umboniso bekatswa kwafuneka ukwaphula intando onke amabanjwa. Unqontsonqa ukukhusela nkampu idima amabanjwa nethemba. Baza baphumelela. Abantu baqonde ukuba indlela kuphuma na umzuzu zibulawe. Nakuba kunjalo, ukongeza uloyiko nokuxakaniseka waba nesibindi. amabanjwa Soviet kwaqaliswa yokubaleka iqela kweminquba.

Inani ezingamashumi ibhloko-amabanjwa ezigcinwe abo benze amahlumelo baseJamani kuye kwaqatshelwa iyingozi. endlini yintolongo ngaphakathi entolongweni. Amabanjwa banikwa kuphela ikota ukungatyi ukutya okunesondlo, nto leyo ibiya kwabanye. "Ukutya" kwaba ngokuqhelekileyo inkunkuma yaye okusele oniwe. Kulo mzekelo, ilahle naye emhlabeni, yaye kuphela xa ngumkhenkce, uvunyelwe khona. Sex indlu spray ngamanzi abandayo ebusuku, walala amabanjwa emanzini ice.

Kundisindisa kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen

Akukho wayengasakwazi ukubanyamezela amagosa Soviet yagqiba ekubeni eliya kusinda. Iinkokheli le mvukelo yaba ngabaqhubi engekafundwanga. Sixoxa zokuphuma ixesha elifutshane ngaphambi kokuba uye kulala. AmaJamani ukuba amabanjwa ukubaleka eyadini, ubunokwazi ufudumale. Kwagqitywa ukuba isebenze ngokukhawuleza kangangoko kunokwenzeka. Abo sithinjiwe kutshanje nje waxelela ukuba namahlakani sele ndingakulingeneyo nayo.

Ukukhutshwa ithemba nganto. Phambi kokumka SS shot amabanjwa iibhloko ezizodwa.

Kwagqitywa ngoncedo izixhobo ezikhoyo ukuhlasela abalindi, uze ukubaleka ehlathini. enqabeni yomkhosi Ikhulu tye kwi eludongeni. iindonga imitha-Ezintathu isithsaba ngocingo oluhlabayo kuwo conected kukothuka. Amane anamashumi elinethoba abantu bakhetha ukoyika ithemba. Malunga asixhenxe amabanjwa ungandithuthumbisi nokudinwa ayikwazanga ukuhamba, wabanika iingubo zabo, bathi bhayi. Ukongeza amabanjwa eSoviet emfazwe, kwimvukelo kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen kuye kwaxhaswa yi-Polish kunye namabanjwa Serbian.

Liberty okanye Ukufa

Ebusuku, lo Februwari zabe yesibini moto nezitya. Iingceba amaqokobhe wenza imipu. Kwakhona, kule khosi kwabo amaqhosha izitena, amalahle, nabo bonke ababesebeqabuke afumaneke. Ndakwazi ukufumana zokucima ezimbini umlilo. Ngodumo ngokuca- "Kubo-oo!" Le amabanjwa sangena kumlo wokugqibela. Okumangalisayo kakuhle ukusebenza, i-Red Army nangoko yaphuka iiprojektha eziliqela watshabalalisa yokulinda. Ngoncedo zokucima umlilo ukucinezela indlwane umatshini-umpu. Ukufakwa kuyo, abo bavukeli bayonakalisa ukukhusela amanye ezinde ezimbini.

Ukoyisa udonga kunye nocingo phantsi kwempixano, amabanjwa waya iqhinga. Ke iingubo ezimanzi kunye ziingceba iimpahla, waza waziphosa kulo ucingo, nto leyo eyakhokelela ekubeni kwisiphaluka elifutshane. Emva koko, abantu abangaphezu kwamakhulu amathathu yaphunyuka zabo. wabaleka ukuya kwihlathi ekufutshane bona. Elinye iqela wahlasela ukubala lokugcina. Emva kokuba melee, babamba imipu eziliqela, kodwa kungekudala bazibona singqongwe ngabantu SS waya zohlangulo.

Indlela abasabela ngayo abantu balapha

kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen e Austria, ibekwe phakathi emasimini kunye needolophana ezincinane. Ngoko ke, ngokukhawuleza emva kokuba Abasindileyo SS wavakalisa ukuba luqalile umsebenzi okhethekileyo ukufaka abasabileyo bakwaEfrayim. Ukuze oku bazilungiselela iiyunithi asekuhlaleni le Volkssturm, uHitler uLutsha kunye neeyunithi rhoqo. Kwakhona, abantu basekuhlaleni baziswa. Ngaphezu kwekhulu abantu bambulala iindonga eMauthausen. Yaye amabanjwa eseleyo kwibhloko badutyulwa kule ndawo. Amahlathi kunye ukutyala ikama imini nobusuku. Yonke imihla yonke abasabileyo ezintsha. Kulo mzekelo, abantu balapha ngenkuthalo wamnceda wokubamba. ubanjwe amaninzi kunye babulawa. Bona babulawa ngeentonga, iimela kunye nezinye iindlela ngcono, nomzimba omzimba ubekwe kwindawo ebonakalayo kawonke-wonke.

baqarah

Noko ke, abanye abahlali kunjalo wanceda abantu Soviet, nangona sisesichengeni sokufa. Enye abasabileyo ezinyelisiwe ke endlwini yamafama Austria. Ngawakhe ezi ziganeko - intombazana eneminyaka eli-14 ubudala ngelo xesha, ukhumbula ukuba amabanjwa ankqonkqoze emnyango phakathi kwemini. Umama ke kubo, nangona engozini enkulu.

Xa bebuzwa ukuba kutheni bagqiba kwelokuba baluphose kungena endlwini, amajoni Soviet Waphendula ukuba abazange babone kwi window elichaza Hitler.

ukukhululwa

Ekuqaleni kukaMeyi, imikhosi US zaye sele besondela Linz. Wehrmacht lweMedia ngokungxama. Emva kokufunda Amanyeneyo esondela, SS, kakhulu, wagqiba kuphosa ngokubaleka. Phantse wonke washiya enkampini kodwa wokuqala kaMeyi. Amanye amabanjwa babesiya ukuba kuphunywe i "lokufa." Oko kuza ukwenza iikhilomitha ezininzi ngeenyawo. Practice ibonisa ukuba uninzi amabanjwa batshabalala ngenxa komzimba. Yesihlanu May baseMerika wafika eluthangweni lweenqwelo. Akreqa Amabanjwa nxamnye eziseleyo amadoda SS kunye bababulala. Ngamana elihamba Division wesixhenxe US imikhosi exhobileyo wakhulula kwinkampu yoxinaniso yaseMauthausen. Photo kweminquba twa ehlabathini lonke. Uninzi masosha, bothuka koko ndabona, akazange abonise inceba amabanjwa amaJamani. Ngomhla kummandla zakhiwo wesikhumbuzo yasekwa eminqubeni.

EMauthausen, kwinkampu yoxinaniso: uluhlu amabanjwa

Ke kaloku ummandla kweminquba lokufa imbaxa sisikhumbuzo. Ngamnye nyaka ityelelwa amawaka abakhenkethi. Kukho zodumo iilwimi ezininzi ezahlukeneyo. Le ndawo kakhulu embi wahlala ingaguqukanga, njengesilumkiso izizukulwana ezizayo. Izintlu eMauthausen, unako ukucela yokugcina yasekuhlaleni. Kukho iqulethe onke amabanjwa amagama zilandelelana ngokwe-alfabhethi. inzala eninzi amabanjwa Russian bakwazi ukufunda isiphelo wooyise ngokusebenzisa ezi-mpepha.

Nangona kunjalo, ubunzima amanga neqiniso yokuba amaJamani akazange akusoloko transliterated ngokuchanekileyo iifani Russian. Memory yamabanjwa ukhunjulwa nayo kwiilali ezikufutshane.

Ngowe-1995 lo mboniso wakhululwa e Austria, ebalisa kwimvukelo zodumo.