Vilna kwiphondo - elinye lamaphepha kwimbali yesizwe

Vilna phondo elinabantu ngaphezu kwesiqingatha sesigidi sabantu, kunye nomnyango kanye uBukhosi Russian njengoko iyunithi yolawulo ezimeleyo, iye yaba yinto elidlulileyo. Namhlanje ummandla wayo yahlulwe phakathi Belarus kunye Lithuania, nomzi engundoqo Vilna, ukutshintsha igama, iye yaba yinto kakuhle kakhulu emhlabeni Vilnius.

KwiPhondo, akhiwa yomthetho uCatherine II

Emva kokuba 1794 qhankqalazo baphela ngokoyiswa zezibonda phantsi kwesikhokelo Kosciuszko, urhulumente Polish-Lithuanian ekugqibeleni amatyala. Emva konyaka, eRashiya, Austria kunye Prussia asayina isivumelwano, njengoko apho ngamnye kubo basuka intsimi ikhefu ye-Commonwealth. Esi senzo waziwa ngokuba "ulwahlulo wesithathu Poland."

Ngokutsho xwebhu, uBukhosi Russian wafumana ilifa ilizwe empuma ye Bug kunye nomgca olunyiniweyo Grodno - Nemiroff, ummandla ewonke alikhulu elinamanci mabini amawaka ezikwere zeekhilomitha. Emva konyaka, umyalelo we uKumkanikazi uCatherine II kuzo kwiphondo Vilna kwasekwa, nto leyo embindini wesixeko Vilna (ngoku Vilnius).

ukuguqulwa Ukulandela Vilnius kwiphondo

Ekubeni nokubunjwa kwayo iphondo yahlulwe kwizithili elinanye: Shavelsky, Troki, Rossiensky, Kovno, Vilkomirsky, Braslavsky, Upite, Telshevsky, Ašmiany, Zavileysky kunye Vilna. Noko ke, uPawulos mna, yazeka kwetrone ngo 1796, waqalisa wobukumkani bakhe ngothotho iinguqu zolawulo indawo kwezoqoqosho, ingakumbi, kwaye iphondo elalisandul 'ukusekwa.

Ngokutsho nomthetho wakhe ngoDisemba 12, 1796, kwiphondo Vilna lingadibananga kunye Slonimsky vicegerency, bezizisela imephu Russia ngaloo minyaka kwabakho kwiphondo Lithuanian, iziko lolawulo eyathi yaqhuba ukuba isixeko Vilnius.

Eli qumrhu yolawulo indawo elisandula kubekwa lweminyaka emihlanu kuphela emva ukulawula kwitrone Alexander ndaphinda yahlulwe ngaphambili uyayenza intsimi yakhe ezizimeleyo. Owayesakuba kwiphondo Slonim baba ngoku ibhekiswe Grodno, kunye Vilna de-1840 lalibizwa ngokuba Lithuanian-Vilna.

Last ngokutsha pre-olululo kwiphondo

ixesha lokugqibela Vilna iphondo yoBukhosi baseRashiya satshintsha ukwakheka kwalo kwimephu 1843, ebudeni bolawulo uNicholas I. Le counties ezisixhenxe yelo kuye ngaphambili - Novoaleksandrovsky, Vilkomirsky, Shavelsky, Kovno, Rossiensky, Telshevsky kunye Panevezys - sasikwanti kwisifundo ezahlukeneyo umanyano yaye ayila i Kovno kwiphondo.

Ngoko ke, ubukhulu balo zancitshiswa kakhulu, yaye de bupheliswe ngo-1920 kwiphondo Vilna yayiquka kwizithili Troki, Oshmiany, Sventsiany kunye Vilna. Baye nabo ujoyine Grodno kunye Minsk amaphondo ngaphambili engeka Disna, Vileyka and Leeds counties.

Ubungakanani kunye nokwakhiwa abemi bephondo

Xa kubalo jikelele 1897 lwaqhutywa eRashiya, iziphumo ezenza ukuba ngumgwebi ngelo xesha ibimiwe kwiphondo Vilna. Uluhlu kwiindawo apho ukuqhuba accounting abantu abahlala Azigubungele lonke ummandla wayo ekupheleni kwenkulungwane XIX.

Ngokutsho data alondolozwe, xa bebonke ke 1.591.308, ngaye 52.2% baba Belarusians, Lithuanians - 13.7%, amaYuda - 17.1%, nezibonda - 12.4% Russian, kunye% 4.7 kuphela. Kwakhona eyaziwa kwaye umlinganiselo ngokwamaqela unqulo lwabo. Ufunyenwe inkoliso amaKatolika - 58,7% kuzo Orthodox - 27.8% yamaYuda, kwakukho malunga 12.8%. Ngoko ke into enjengale okanye ukhangele kule bamashumi yokugqibela yenkulungwane XIX Vilna kwiphondo.

Asebukhosini, kwakunye inxalenye ebalulekileyo abemi abaqhelekileyo kuphila nommandla wayo, akazange azamkele revolution kwaye ngexesha leMfazwe Civil, inkxaso intshukumo White, wena uzibeke indawo iqela wolawulo eSoviet. Noko ke, impembelelo ebalulekileyo indlela yembali abakwazanga.

Ukupheliswa kwiphondo kunye yinxalenye yommandla

Ngowe-1920, ekupheleni imfazwe phakathi Russia, Belarus kunye Ukraine kwelinye icala, kunye ePoland, kwelinye icala, ukuba utyikitye isivumelwano soxolo. Ngokusekelwe kolu xwebhu, zisayinwe Matshi 18, 1921 e Riga, kwiphondo Vilna kwaphela tu iyunithi yolawulo ezimeleyo.

Ingongoma yokugqibela i zaphinda kumisa ngo-Oktobha 1939, xa, ukukhathaza ngokoluvo urhulumente Belarusian, iinkokheli eSoviet Union, isixeko Vilnius kunye indawo Wilno bathunyelwa ukuya Lithuania isithuba seminyaka elishumi elinesihlanu. Esi sivumelwano ikwabonelela ilungelo lokungena amabini amawaka amajoni Soviet kwi kummandla Lithuania. Ukususela ngoko, ukuba ikomkhulu the Republic of Lithuania, neyathi kamva yafakwa waseUSSR, isixeko walitshintsha igama layo owayesakuba Vilnius.