Iseli Plant. Iimpawu of plant cells

Iqumrhu eziphilayo babe iseli enye eyodwa, iqela labo okanye cluster enkulu, uniko manani iibhiliyoni izakhiwo nezakhiwo. Le yokugqibela ziquka uninzi izityalo ngaphezulu. ukufunda kweeseli - i element esisiseko ngesakhiwo kwanemisebenzi ye eziphilayo - ukwenza cytology. Le yesebe eziphilayo baqala ukuphuhlisa ngokukhawuleza emva kokufunyanwa kwemikroskopu, ukuphucula chromatography kunye nezinye iindlela ngamachiza ezinto eziphilayo. Cinga iimpawu eziphambili kwakunye iimpawu apho iseli isityalo yahlukile isakhiwo iiyunithi mncinane noshowo iintsholongwane, umngundo kunye nezilwanyana.

iiseli Ivula R. Hooke

Imfundiso kwiibloko zokwakha elincinane bonke ubomi babakho ngendaleko kulinganiswa kumakhulu eminyaka. Ubume inwebu iiseli lwesikhululo kuqala kubonakala ngemicroscope Scientist yaseBritani uRobert Hooke. Izibonelelo jikelele cell hypothesis wayenza Schleiden kunye Schwann, phambi kokuba iziphumo ezifanayo ngamanye abaphandi.

EliNgesi Robert Hooke yahlola phantsi kwecandelo ngemicroscope Yazo komoki, wasondeza iziphumo kwintlanganiso ye-Royal Society e-London ngo-Aprili 13, 1663 (ngokwe kweminye imithombo, isiganeko esenzeka ngo-1665). Kwathi kanti loo amaxolo umthi kwenziwe ngeeseli amancinci ekuthiwa Hooke "iiseli." Iindonga zezi yokwayama ngokomfuziselo ekwimo lobusi, isazinzulu ingqalelo umba ophilayo lweHo- eyaziwayo isakhiwo abangabancedani engenabomi. Kamva ke yaba ukuba iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ziqulathe into, ngaphandle apho ubukho babo, yaye umsebenzi yonke eziphilayo.

theory cell

Ubhaqo ezibalulekileyo R. wamiswa yaphuhliswa imisebenzi yezinye abaphengululi abaye wafunda isakhiwo iiseli lezilwanyana kunye nezityalo. isakhiwo esifanayo ojongwe izazinzulu amacandelo ngemikroskopu nomngundo multicellular. Kuye kwafunyaniswa ukuba iiyunithi noshowo izinto eziphilayo ukukwazi ukwahlula. Ngokusekelwe izifundo ngabameli wenzululwazi yebhayoloji eJamani M. Schleiden kunye T. Schwann yaqulunqa hypothesis eyaba ithiyori seli.

Ukuthelekiswa iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana kunye iintsholongwane, ulele nomngundo eye wavumela abaphandi German ukuza kwisigqibo ilandelayo: uRobert Hooke bafumanisa "camera" - a iiyunithi ezisisiseko zokusebenza, ndisolulela nabo kwiinkqubo zobomi kwi intliziyo eziphilayo ezininzi on Earth. An Ukongeza ebalulekileyo ezenziwe R. Virchow ngo-1855, ukuphawula candelo iseli - ndlela kuphela yokuzalela zabo. Imfundiso Schleiden-Schwann kunye uhlaziyo sekuyinto bezamkele eziphilayo.

Cell - element lincinci ngesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi lwezityalo

Ngokutsho izibonelelo theoretical component Schleiden kunye Schwann, ihlabathi ephilayo yenye esibonakalisa isakhiwo efanayo esasinokubonwa izityalo kunye nezilwanyana. Ngaphandle kwezi kummandla ezimbini, ubukho iseli uphawu nomngundo, iintsholongwane, kwaye kungekho iintsholongwane. Ukukhula kunye nophuhliso eziphilayo ibonelelwa ukuvela iiseli ezintsha inkqubo yokwahlula zikhona.

kokuphilayo Multicellular - hayi nje beqokelela isakhiwo. iiyunithi Small lwezakhiwo nobudlelwane nabanye ukwenza ancedisana amalungu. Kweseli eziphilayo bahlala bodwa, engaquki ukuthintela ukuba ukudala ngamathanga. Ezona mpawu ziphambili iiseli:

• ikhono ubukho elizimeleyo;
• nethe yakhe;
• self-nokuzala;
• uphuhliso.

Xa Ukudaleka ubomi enye awona manyathelo abaluleke kakhulu yaba ukwahlulwa ngumongo ukusuka kukho icytoplasm ngokusebenzisa inwebu olukhuselayo. Unxibelelwano igcinwe, kuba ngaphandle ezi zakhiwo ukuze ayisekho. Ngoku ama ezimbini superkingdom - eziphilayo non-nuclear kwakunye yenyukliya. Iqela lesibini ibandakanya yezityalo, umngundo kunye nezilwanyana, zinto ezo benza ekufundweni amacandelo afanelekileyo inzululwazi eziphilayo ngokubanzi. iseli sityalo inucleus, kukho icytoplasm kunye organelles, nto leyo eya kuba nagama ngezantsi.

Iintlobo kweeseli zezityalo

Ekuveleni ivatala ivuthiwe, ama-apile okanye iitapile kunokubonwa ngeliso isakhiwo "iseli" ze, ezele ulwelo. Oku iiseli parenchyma iziqhamo ukuba ububanzi of 1 mm. ngefayibha Bast - Isakhiwo evuthelweyo ukuba ubude kakhulu ngaphezu ububanzi. Umzekelo, iseli izityalo, ekuthiwa umqhaphu ayafika ubude-65 mm. Bast ifayibha iflakisi hemp ziziinkalo linear ka 40-60 mm. iiseli kamabonwakude ziphantsi kakhulu -20-50 microns. Khawuqwalasele ezi iibhloko zokwakha encinci iyakwazi kuphela phantsi neemicroscope. Iimpawu ze iiyunithi zincinane ubume yezityalo kubonakaliswa nje kuphela imilo nobukhulu iiyantlukwano, kodwa imisebenzi eyenziwa njengenxalenye emzimbeni.

iseli Plant: iimpawu ezingundoqo isakhiwo

Nucleus futhi kukho icytoplasm zizinto ngokusondeleyo ziyadlelana basebenzisane kunye namanye, nto ingqinwa zizazinzulu zophando. Le kwindawo engundoqo ye iseli eukaryotic, ixhomekeka kuzo zonke ezinye iziqalelo isakhiwo. I kernel esetyenziselwa nokwanda nokudluliselwa ulwazi yemfuza olufunekayo protein yokuqaphela.

Isazinzulu British Robert Brown ngo-1831 okokuqala waphawula kwisisele zezityalo lentsapho orchid umzimba ezizodwa (isiqalo). Yaba engundoqo ejikelezwe yi semi-icytoplasm. Igama le nto in ukuguqula agama ukusuka lesiGrike elithi 'ubunzima iiseli zaseprayimari. " Kungaba lulwelo okanye viscous, kodwa hayi mfuneko isale inwebu. iiseli esingxotyeni engaphandle ibandakanya ikakhulu lwe kwincindi, lignin, ngumthwebeba. Enye iimpawu ezahlula iiseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana, - ubukho olu donga eqinileyo cellulosic.

Ubume kukho icytoplasm

Inxalenye engaphakathi esiseleni isityalo ezaliswe hyaloplasm kumiswe granules kulo encinane. Vala loo nto ibizwa ngokuba yinkqubela-endoplasma iqokobhe uba ekzoplazmu viscous ngakumbi. Kuyinto ezi izinto, nto leyo zizaliswe iseli yezityalo, bakhonza njengendawo yokusabela kwemichiza kunye nonxibelelwano zothutho, ukubekwa organelles kunye inclusions.

Malunga nama-70-85% ye kukho icytoplasm amanzi, 10-20% ziiproteni, kunye namanye amacandelo imichiza - iikhabhohayidrethi, lipids, iikhompawundi kwezimbiwa. iiseli zezityalo kukho icytoplasm, apho phakathi ekupheleni-iimveliso ze kuyondelelaniswe akhoyo bioregulators imisebenzi kunye nezinto replacement (iivithamini, iienzymes, oyile, starch).

core

Ukuthelekiswa kweeseli izityalo kunye nezilwanyana ubonisa ukuba izakhiwo ezifanayo ingxenye kwi icytoplasm kwaye ukuhlala ukuya kwi-20% of umthamo wayo. I eliNgesi R. Brown, okokuqala kuye ingqalelo phantsi neemicroscope eli candelo kubalulekile kwaye esisigxina zonke eukaryotes, wamnika igama naye ukusuka kwisiLatini isiqalo ilizwi. nuclei Imbonakalo kudla correlates ukumila iseli kunye nobukhulu, kodwa ngamanye amaxesha ezahlukeneyo. izinto ezidingekayo ngesakhiwo - karyolymph ndizayo, le nucleolus kunye chromatin.

Xa inwebu olwahlula ngumongo ukusuka kukho icytoplasm, kukho pores. Emveni kwezi zinto kungena ngumongo ukuya kukho icytoplasm kunye umva. Karyolymph i imixholo ulwelo okanye viscous evela kwimimandla chromatin nuclear. Le nucleolus iqulethe ribonucleic acid (RNA), zingene kukho icytoplasm le ribosome inxaxheba protein yokuqaphela. Okunye nucleic acid - ideoxyribonucleic (DNA) - lukhona ezininzi. DNA kunye RNA esafunyanwa okokuqala kwiiseli yezilwanyana 1869, kamva efumaneka kwizityalo. Core - ke "iziko yolawulo" kweenkqubo intracellular, ulwazi indawo yokugcina iimpawu ilifa yonke eziphilayo.

reticulum Endoplasmic (EPS)

Ubume kweeseli zezilwanyana sityalo ngobuhlobo olomeleleyo. Uhlala kule kukho icytoplasm le tubules angaphakathi ezaliswe imvelaphi ezahlukeneyo kunye nokwakhiwa iziyobisi. iintlobo Granular EPS sahlukile ebusweni egudileyo uhlobo ribosomes kumphezulu ndizayo. Okokuqala inxaxheba Yindibanisela iiprothini, owesibini lidlala indima ekubunjweni carbohydrate kunye lipids. Njengoko nabaphandi lusekiwe, i namajelo nje ukungena kukho icytoplasm, bazalana ukuba organelle nganye kwiseli ophilayo. Ngoko ke, ixabiso EPS kuyancomeka njengelungu le-ukutya, inkqubo yonxibelelwano kunye nokusingqongileyo.

ribosomes

Ubume kweeseli izityalo okanye izilwanyana Kunzima ukuba nomfanekiso ngaphandle kwezi ngamaqhekeza amancinci. Ribosomes mancinane kakhulu, ingabonwa kuphela i kwemikroskopu. Ukubunjwa iiseli ngabona iiprothini kunye iimolekyuli acid ribonucleic, kukho imali amancinci calcium nezinki ion. Phantse zonke iiseli bagxila RNA kwi ribosomes, abanikezela protein yokuqaphela, 'esitya "ye acid iiproteni. Iiproteni ziye kufakwa imiphantsi kunye EPS twa womnatha lonke iseli, angene kungena engundoqo.

mitochondria

Ezi organelles seli ukufumana izityalo ayo amandla, ingabonwa kunye ukwanda microscope ekukhanyeni eziqhelekileyo. Inani mitochondria yahluka ngaphakathi kwemida ebanzi kakhulu, bona babe ziiyunithi ezininzi okanye amawaka. isakhiwo Organelle ayikho unzima kakhulu, kukho imifinya amabini kunye matrix ngaphakathi. I-mitochondria luqulathe lipid protein, DNA kunye RNA, zinoxanduva biosynthesis ka ATP - triphosphate adenosine. Ngenxa yale nto kweeseli lwesityalo okanye isilwanyana luphawulwa ubukho phosphate ezintathu. Le cleavage nganye kuzo inika amandla ayimfuneko zonke iinkqubo ebalulekileyo iseli ngokwayo, kwaye wonke umzimba. Kwelinye icala, ukujoyina intsalela ye phosphoric acid kwenza kube lula ukudlulisela namandla ivenkile njengoko kukho kwiseli.

Cinga mzobo ungezantsi kwi organelles iseli kwaye igama lawo sele uyazi. Qaphela iqamza enkulu (vacuole) kunye plastids eluhlaza (chloroplasts). Siza kuxubusha delshe kubo.

Golgi complex

Complex iqulathe cell inwebu pellet organoid kunye vacuoles. Isakhiwo yavulwa ngo-1898 yaye yathiywa emva sebhayoloji Italian. Iimpawu leeseli yezityalo, njengokuba ngokulinganayo saa Golgi amasuntswana kulo lonke kukho icytoplasm. Izazinzulu zikholelwa ukuba complex iyafuneka ukuze kulawulwe iziqulatho amanzi kunye nenkunkuma neemveliso, susa izinto kwemfuneko.

plastids

plant cells inyama kuphela ziqulathe organelles eluhlaza. Ukongeza, kukho plastids enemibala emihle, tyheli naorenji. Isakhiwo labo kunye nemisebenzi lweentlobo zezityalo yabonisa amandla, yaye bayakwazi ukutshintsha umbala ngenxa ekudibaneni kwemichiza. Eyona eziphambili ze plastids:

• orange kunye chromoplasts ezimthubi kwakhiwa carotene kunye xanthophylls;
• chloroplasts equlathe iinkozo yiklorofili, - kombala eluhlaza;
• leucoplasts - plastids enemibala.

Ubume plant cells lu dityanisiwe usukelo kusabela kuyondelelaniswe chemical kwezinto eziphilayo ezivela icarbon dioxide kunye namanzi usebenzisa amandla ukukhanya. Igama yale nkqubo emangalisayo kunye entsonkothileyo kakhulu - photosynthesis. Ukusabela yenziwa ngenxa yiklorofili, iyeza unako ukufaka amandla umqadi ukukhanya. Ubukho kombala eluhlaza kungenxa umbala uphawu amagqabi, ingca iziqu, iziqhamo aluhlaza. Ngokuba yiklorofili iyafana kubume ukuya ngehemoglobin, igazi lezilwanyana kunye nabantu.

umbala obomvu, tyheli naorenji amalungu zezityalo ezahlukeneyo ngenxa yobukho eziseleni chromoplasts. nesiseko sayo liqela elikhulu carotenoids zidlala indima ebalulekileyo ukutya. Leucoplasts inoxanduva kuyondelelaniswe kunye beqokelela istatshi. Plastids bekhula, nande kulo icytoplasm, kunye ukuhamba naye ecaleni inwebu engaphakathi weseli zezityalo. Bona zizityebi enzyme, ion, ezinye iikhompawundi eziphilayo esebenzayo.

Umahluko kulwakhiwo kakhulu yamaqela eziphambili izinto eziphilayo

iiseli ezininzi zifana ibhegi encinane ezaliswe corpuscles yencindi, granules kunye maqampu. Kudla kukho inclusions ezahlukeneyo ngendlela ziikristale eqinileyo, iiminerali, amathontsi oyile, i granules starch. Iiseli in close contact kuhlanganiselo izicwili zezityalo, ubomi jikelele kuxhomekeke umsebenzi iiyunithi isakhiwo incinane eyakha yunithi.

Xa kukho izifundo isakhiwo multicellular obubonakaliswa kwi iindima ezahlukeneyo komzimba kunye nemisebenzi izinto ezincinane noshowo. Bazimisele kakhulu indawo esikule amagqabi, iingcambu, iziqu, okanye amalungu isityalo okuzala.

Thina athande izinto eziphambili zolu vavanyo, iseli izityalo kunye neeyunithi eziziziqalelo ngesakhiwo kwezinye izinto eziphilayo:

1. Uphawu ashinyeneyo shell kuphela izityalo, kwasekwa ifayibha (neselulosi). Xa nomngundo, i inwebu iquka ngechitin ixesha elide (a iproteni ezizodwa).
2. Iiseli izityalo kunye fungi zahluke umbala ngenxa ubukho okanye ukungabikho plastids. Loo ithole, njengoko chloroplasts, chromoplasts kunye leucoplasts, kuphela xa kukho icytoplasm esityalo.
3. Kukho organelles eyahlula izilwanyana - a centriole (kwiziko cell).
4. Kuphela kwiiseli izityalo ninikela vacuole enkulu esembindini izaliswe imixholo ulwelo. Ngokwesiqhelo, le incindi seli elinombala zombala ngemibala eyahlukileyo.
5. Main kokuphilayo abangenzi nto compound sisityalo - istatshi. Umngundo kunye nezilwanyana yande glycogen kwizisele zabo.

Phakathi abanjwa eyaziwa single, free-eziphilayo iiseli ezininzi. Umzekelo, iqumrhu elizimeleyo enjalo chlamydomonas. Nangona izityalo ahluka ukusuka kwizilwanyana bubukho udonga iseli kwincindi, kodwa iiseli intsholongwane bayiswele kwiqokobhe ashinyeneyo ezinjalo - le yenye ubungqina ubunye zehlabathi ephilayo.