Ukwakhiwa kweseli lesilwanyana

Isango - isakhiwo esincinane kunazo zonke izilwanyana nezityalo zezilwanyana-into ebalulekileyo kakhulu yendalo. Ngaphandle kwinqanaba lalo, iseli inzima kakhulu kwaye iqukethe izakhiwo ezininzi ezenza imisebenzi ethile. Emzimbeni, isethi yamaseli athile afaka ama-tisses, izicubu ziyamalungu, kwaye ezo zixhobo zesebe. Isakhiwo seesilwanyana kunye nezityalo zezityalo zifana neemeko ezininzi, kodwa ngelo xesha liba neenkalo eziphambili. Ngokomzekelo, ukwakheka kweekhemikhali zeeseli kufana, imigaqo yesakhiwo kunye nomsebenzi wokuphila unjalo, kodwa kwiiseli zezityalo akukho zine centrioles (ngaphandle kwe-algae), kwaye isitashi sisisiseko sokugcina isondlo.

Isakhiwo seseli yesilwanyana sisekelwe kwizinto ezintathu eziphambili: i-nucleus, i-cytoplasm, kunye ne-membrane yeseli. Kanye kunye nucleus, i-cytoplasm ifom protoplasm. I-membrane yeseli yimbumba ye-biological (septum) eyahlula iseli kwiimeko zangaphandle, isebenza njengendlela yokubhinqa i-organelles kunye ne-nuclei yeselula, iifom e-cytoplasmic. Ukuba ubeka isikhululo phantsi kwe-microscope, ngoko isakhelo seesilwanyana sisenokubonakala lula. I membrane yeseli iqulethe ezintathu. Iingqimba zangaphandle nangaphakathi ziyi-proteinaceous, kwaye iziqendu eziphakathi ziyi-lipid. Uluhlu lwe-lipid luyahlula ngokuphindaphindiweyo zibe zimbini-i-molecule yamakhemleksidi e-hydrophobic kunye nocingo lwamakhemleksi e-hydrophilic, ahlelwe ngendlela ethile. Ngaphezulu komlenze weselube isakhiwo esikhethekileyo - i-glycocalyx, eqinisekisa ukuba amandla okhethwa kwimbumba. Igobolondo idlula izinto eziyimfuneko kwaye zilibazise abo bazisa ingozi. Isakhiwo seseli yesilwanyana sinjongo yokubonelela umsebenzi okhuselekileyo kweli nqanaba. Ukungena kwezinto ngokusebenzisa umlenze kwenzeka ngokubakho ngokuthe ngqo kwimbumba ye-cytoplasmic. Umphezulu wale membrane ubaluleke kakhulu ngenxa yokuguqa, ukuphuma, iintloko kunye ne-villi. I membrane ye-cytoplasm idlulisa iindidi zombini kunye ezinkulu.

Isakhiwo seseli yesilwanyana sibonakaliswe kubukho be-cytoplasm, ikakhulukazi equkethe amanzi. I-cytoplasm yinqongo ye-organoids kunye ne-inclusions. Ukongeza, i-cytoplasm iqulethe i-cytoskeleton-protein filaments, ithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yesahlulo seeselula , ichaza isikhala se-intracellular kwaye ixhase ifomu yeselula, ukukwazi ukwenza isivumelwano. Icandelo elibalulekileyo le-cytoplasm yi-hyaloplasm, ebeka i-viscosity kunye ne-elasticity yesakhiwo seseli. Ngokuxhomekeke kwizinto zangaphandle nangaphakathi, i-hyaloplasma isenokutshintsha i-viscosity yayo-ibe yi-liquid okanye i-gel-like.

Ukufunda isakhiwo seseli yezilwanyana, umntu akanako ukuthobela ingqalelo izixhobo zamaselula - ii-organoids eziseseli. Zonke i-organelles zinezakhiwo zazo ezizodwa, ngenxa yemisebenzi eyenziwe. I-nucleus yunithi yeseli yecala equlethe ulwazi oluthile kwaye ithatha inxaxheba kwi-metabolism kwiseli ngokwayo. I-organoids yeselula iquka i-endoplasmic reticulum, isikhungo se-cell, i-mitochondria, i-ribosomes, i-complex ye-Golgi, i-plastids, i-lysosomes, i-vacuoles. I-organelles efana nayo ikhona nakweyiphi iseli, kodwa, ngokuxhomekeke kumsebenzi, isakhiwo seesilwanyana singachazwa ngokufumaneka kwezakhiwo ezithile.

Imisebenzi yamagumbi eselula:

- i-mitochondria ikhiidiza i- organic compounds kwaye iqokelela amandla ekhemikhali;

- i- endoplasmic reticulum ngenxa yobungqina be-enzymes ekhethekileyo idibanisa amafutha kunye ne-carbohydrates, iziteshi zayo zikhuthaza ukuthuthwa kwezinto ngaphakathi kweeseli;

- ribosomes idibanisa iprotheni;

- I-Golgi izakhiwo zeprotheni, iincompact zokwenziwa kwamafutha, i-polysaccharides, zenza i-lysosomes kwaye zilungiselela izinto zokususwa kwazo kwiiseli okanye ngokusetyenziswa ngqo kuyo;

- Ama-lysosomes aphula ii-carbohydrates, iiprotheni, iicucleic acids kunye namafutha, eqinisweni, ukugaya izondlo ezithatha iseli;

- iseli leziko lithatha inxaxheba kwinkqubo yesahlulo seseli;

- i-vacuoles, ngenxa yemeko yesela ye-cell, inkxaso inkxaso ye-cell (ingcinezelo yangaphakathi).

Isakhiwo seseli esiphilayo sinzima kakhulu - kumgangatho wamaselula, iinkqubo ezininzi zezinto eziphilayo zenzeke, ezidibeneyo, ziqinisekisa umsebenzi obalulekileyo wendalo.