Umxholo wezentlalo kunye nokwakheka kwembali

Naliphina isayensi inesihloko sayo, esiyimiphumo yokukhutshwa kwezinto, kwaye eyenza sikwazi ukwahlula iinkqubo ezithile zokuphuhliswa nokusebenza kwezinto. Ubume bentlalo yinto yokuba ihlola uluntu. Ngoko makhe sibone indlela abasunguli bezenhlalakahle bachaze ngayo.

UAuguste Comte, owakhupha kunye nelizwi elithi "inzululwazi", wayekholelwa ukuba isifundo sesayensi Ngaba uluntu olupheleleyo, olusekelwe kwimvume yendalo yonke. Olu hlobo lusekelwe ngokusisiseko kumanyano wembali yabantu kunye ngqo nomntu. Omnye umsunguli wezenzululwazi, isazi senzululwazi uHerbert Spencer, wayichitha ubomi bakhe bonke ebona uluntu olunzima phambi kwakhe, lwahlula njengoko wayekhulile kwaye wagcina ingqibelelo kubonga kumaziko olutsha oluntu. Ngokutsho kweSpencer, isifundo senzululwazi yintlalo eyenziwa njengentlangano yoluntu apho iinkqubo zokudibanisa zidibaniswa nokuhlukana ngokwemibutho yoluntu.

UKarl Marx, owayephila ngobomi bakhe eNgilani, waphatha ngokugqithiseleyo imfundiso kaComte noSpencer. Oku kwakungenxa yokuba uMarx wayekholelwa ukuba uluntu lwama-bourgeois lwaluxinzelelekileyo kwaye lube luthatyathwa yintlalo yezentlalo. Kungekudala wadala imfundiso yakhe, echazwe njengengqondo yokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uluntu alukhulanga ngeendleko zeengcamango, kodwa ngexabiso lezinto eziphathekayo zokuvelisa. Ukulandela le ngcamango, isifundo senzululwazi kuluntu njengenkqubo yezinto eziphilayo, ukuphuhliswa kwintlangano yobumbano kunye nentembeko kumzabalazo weeklasi kunye neenguqulelo.

Ngaloo ndlela, abasunguli bezesayensi bavumile ukuba into yokuba uluntu luyinto enye. Inxaxheba ecacileyo ekwakheni iindlela ezahlukahlukeneyo zadalwa yindlela yezopolitiko kunye nexabiso-lezopolitiko.

Isigaba sesibini ekuphuhlisweni kwesi sayensi sinxulumene nophuhliso lwayo ngokubambisana kunye neendlela. Ummeli weli xesha lixesha lokuqala lezemfundo kunye neendlela zokufunda. Ngeli xesha (iminyaka eyi-80 yekhulu le-19 - ngaphambi kweMfazwe Yehlabathi I), ukuphuhliswa kwemigaqo-siseko yeendlela zophando loluntu, ukuphunyezwa kweendlela kunye neendlela zokufumana ulwazi olunemfundiso ngalo. Igalelo elibalulekileyo kulolu lathiso lwenziwa nguJamani wezenhlalakahle F. Tennis. Ngenkqubela kwenzululwazi yakhe, wahlalutya iinkcukacha zentlalo, wenza izifundo zobugcisa bezinto eziphantsi kweHermany, uphando ngelo lolwaphulo-mthetho kunye nenqanaba lokuzibulala. Ngenxa yesigxina somsebenzi wezentlalo kubonakala njengomyalelo ochazayo.

Ngokutsho kweTennis, isifundo senzululwazi senziwa yimimandla yoluntu, uluntu kunye noluntu, olusekelwe ekusebenzisaneni okuza kuxhaswa ngabantu. Nangona kunjalo, umxholo kunye nemithombo yendawo iya kuhlala ingagcini. Ngaloo xesha, u-Adler ufunda ngokuphangaleleyo isifundo senzululwazi yenkcubeko, oko kukuthi iimeko zentlalo yolwakhiwo lweempawu zenkcubeko kunye nemigangatho eyisiseko. Nangona kunjalo, kamva le ngcamango yayigxeka.

Isigaba esilandelayo kwakukuphuhliswa kweengcali zezobugcisa ezivuthiweyo. Eli xesha lavela kwiMfazwe Yehlabathi Yeyokuqala ukuya kuma-70 ekhulu lama-20. Isifundo kunye nendlela yokwenza isayensi ifanelana ngokuthe ngqo. Ummeli weli nqanaba ngu-Russian-American sociologist uPitirim Sorokin, wadala "i-System of Sociology", esekelwe kwimfundiso kunye nendlela yokulinganisa ukuhamba kwabantu. Ngokutsho kwakhe, uluntu luyilo lokwenene labantu abasebenzisanayo, apho imeko yeso sifundo ixhomekeke kwizenzo zakhe kumacandelo okuhamba kwezenhlalakahle. Eli lungiselelo lichaza, ngaphezu kwayo yonke into, kwintlalo yoluntu.

Ngethuba langoku (ngasekupheleni kwekhulu lama-20, ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21, ukuqonda okutsha kwesi sazi kwavela, okunye okunye kwinqanaba lokuqala) Ngokutsho kwakhe, kungekhona uluntu kodwa umxholo woluntu njengomdlali osebenzayo. Bourdieu, waseBrithani M.Archer no-E. Giddens. Ngoku bajongana nale mibuzo elandelayo: ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kwinqaku elichasiweyo okanye ngokufuna nje uphuhliso.