Umgangatho ophakathi ... Iindawo zoluntu. Umgangatho ophakathi kweRashiya naseYurophu

Esinye seziganeko eziphambili zoluhlu lwentlalo yentlalo yinto yokuziqonda ngokwabo "njengengcamango yesazisi eqhelekileyo yamalungu enkcubeko ethile yentlalo" (Abercrombie N., et al. Kule meko, iklasi yentlalo yimiba yesikhathi eside, ngokuchaseneyo, umzekelo, ukusuka kumgca wabathengi. Ingqwalaselo ebalulekileyo yombono kukudluliselwa kweklasini yoluntu ngelifa.

Imvelaphi yophando

NjengoAs. I-Zhvitiashvili ("Ukuchazwa kwengcamango" yeklasini "kwenzululwazi yentsholongwane yeNtshona", 2005), ingqalelo inzululwazi kwingxaki yeeklasi, kunye nobudlelwane beklasini ngenxa yezinto ezimbini:

• Ukuqatshelwa kwemida engalinganiswanga yembono efana nayo kwimibhalo kaKarl Marx;
• Ukuqwalasela ngenyameko kwinkqubo yenguqu kwilizwe laseRashiya kunye namazwe aseMpuma Yurophu.

Ngelo xesha, umbuzo wokufaneleka kokuhlukanisa iklasi eliphakathi koluntu lwethu luhlala luvulekileyo kulolu suku, zombini kwintetho yasekhaya nakwezinye izizwe.

Ingxaki yokwahlula kwengcamango "yeklasi yentlalo" kwiNtshona Koloni

Inzululwazi yoluntu yeNtshona iquka iindlela ezininzi ekuchazeni inkcazo yeklasi. Okokuqala, oku kukwenyulwa kwecandelo loqoqosho oluphambili ekuhlaleni inkqubo yokwenza iklasi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, le nyathelo yenza ukuba uphando olubanzi lubanzi. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, ukubonakaliswa koluntu kwiinkalo zentlalo-stratification yombono kuyacaca kakhulu: umda phakathi kombono weklasi kwaye umgca uyahlukana.

Iimpawu zomgangatho ophakathi

Ukususela kumbono wezomnotho we-West German kunye nombutho welizwe, umsunguli weenkqubo zezoqoqosho zanamhlanje eJamani, uLudwig Erhard, umgangatho ophakathi ngabantu, phakathi kweempawu ezibonakalayo ezi zilandelayo:

• Ukuzithemba;
• Ukuzimela kweengcamango;
• Isibindi sokubeka ubukho bakhe ngokuxhomekeke ekusebenzeni komsebenzi wakhe;
• Uzinzo loluntu;
• Ukuzimela;
• Umnqweno wokuzivakalisa kwintlalo yoluntu kunye noxolo.

Kananjalo uEdgar Savisaar, owayengumboninkulu wokuqala wase-Estonia, owaziwayo kwiinkalo eziphakathi:

• Isigxina kunye nesimo esithembekileyo sentlalo;
• Umgangatho ophezulu wokuphila, imfundo kunye noqeqesho;
• Ukhuphiswano oluphezulu kwimarike yomsebenzi;
• Kucacisa ulwazi malunga neziganeko kuluntu;
• Ukungathembeki kwezombusazwe;
• Ukuzimela ngokwaneleyo ekuhlaleni ulwazi;
• Izinga eliphezulu lokusebenza ngokuzimelela kuluntu;
• Umsebenzi wempembelelo kwiinkqubo zentlalo ebalulekileyo ;
• Umgangatho ophakamileyo wemfanelo yoluntu;
• Ukwazisa ngezoBomi, ngaphezu kwedwa kunye nentsapho yakhe, kulo lonke uluntu ngokubanzi.

Ngoko ke, kuzo zombini ukuhlengahlengwa kungagxininiswa kakhulu kwicala loqoqosho malunga nobukho beklasi eliphakathi njengoluntu lwezopolitiko.

Umgangatho ophakathi kunye neklasi yeengcali

Xa kuthelekiswa nobungakanani beempawu zecandelo eliphakathi, elikhethwe yi-Erhard, kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswe yi-American sociologist, uTolcott Parsons, echaza ingcamango yecandelo lobuchwepheshe, umntu unokuphawula into ethile eyenzekayo. Kwimbono yakhe yehlabathi, ubugcisa beParsons ngumxhasi wexabiso lentando yesininzi yenkululeko, kubandakanywa umsebenzi wobugcisa kunye nenkonzo yokungenabulungisa kubaxhasi bakhe. Ukuba khona kobugcisa, ngokubhekiselele kwiParsons kunye ne-Storer, kubonisa uxanduva lokugcinwa, ukudluliselwa kunye nokusetyenziswa kolwazi olukhethekileyo, ukuzimela okuphezulu ekutsaleni amalungu amatsha oluntu, ukuphathwa kwendalo, ukungonakali, njl.

Ngaloo ndlela, iingcamango zesigaba esiphakathi kunye nezobuchwepheshe ziba zihambelana ngokusondeleyo kwizifundo ezininzi zentlalo.

Ukwahlula phakathi kwe "elidala" kunye neklasi "elitsha"

Intsingiselo ye-semantic yombono wesigaba esiphakathi unomxholo ochanekileyo obonakalisa ngokuthe ngqo impawu zentlalo-qoqosho yoluntu ngexesha elithile. Ngaloo ndlela, kwiinguqulelo zanamhlanje, umgangatho ophakathi ngumgangatho omtsha wezentlalo.

Ukususela kwimbono yenzululwazi yaseMelika uCharles Wright Mills, ngokungafaniyo ne "entsha", iklasi eliphakathi "elidala" lenziwa ngamashishini abancinci abasebenzisa ipropati yabo. Ngaloo ndlela, i-middle middle class yaseMerika yayiyindawo yokuhlala yasemaphandleni, kwaye ilizwe layo liye lenza njengendlela yokuvelisa, indlela yokufumana, kunye nento yokutshala imali. Ngaloo ndlela, ukuzimela kwe-entrepreneur, owamisela ngokuzimeleyo imida yomsebenzi wakhe wobugcisa, walondolozwa. Imisebenzi kunye nepropati ye-American middle class yayingenakulinganiswa. Ukongezelela, isimo sezentlalo salolu hlobo lwabantu basekhaya ngokuxhomekeke ngqo kwilizwe lepropati yabo.

Ngoko ke, iklasi eliphakathi "elidala" linelungelo lobunikazi, kunye nenkcazo ecacileyo yemida. Abameli bakhe babonakaliswa ngokuzimela kubomi bephakamileyo kunye nelizwe ngokwalo.

Imisebenzi yombutho ophakathi kwintlalo

Isikhundla sesigaba esiphakathi phakathi kwenkqubo yentlalo ke siqinisekisa ukuzinza nokuzinza. Ngaloo ndlela, udidi oluphakathi luhlobo lomlamli phakathi kwezibonda ezigqithisileyo zendlela yokucwangcisa uluntu. Ngexesha elifanayo, ukwenzela ukuphunyezwa ngokufanelekileyo komsebenzi we-intermediary, kubalulekile ukuba lo mgaqo woluntu unenani elaneleyo.

Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abaninzi abahlali bezentlalo baqaphele, iimeko ezingqongqo azaneleyo ukuqinisekisa ukuzaliseka komsebenzi wokuzinzisa kunye nomthombo wophuhliso lwenkqubo kawonkewonke ekujoliswe kuyo kwinqanaba eliphakathi. Oku kuzaliseka kunokwenzeka kuphela ukuba udidi oluphakathi luhambelana neempawu ezithile zezoqoqosho kwezopolitiko: ukugcinwa komthetho, ukuqonda izenzo kunye nokukwazi ukukhusela iminqweno yakho, ukuzimela kweengcamango, njl.

INkobe yaseNtshona

Ekuqaleni, kwinqanaba lezesayensi zenzululwazi, isigaba esiphakathi sabonwa ngabantu kunye nabantu ngokubanzi. Ngokomzekelo, kwingcamango ka-Ortega y Gasset, ummeli weklasi ophakathi ophakathi kwimiba yolwazi nezakhono. KuHegel, ubonakala njengongenasiphelo - ngaphandle kweenjongo ezithile kunye neenjongo.

Phakathi kweendlela zasemakhaya nakwamanye amazwe kwiinkalo zendawo ephakathi kwintlalo kukho umbahluko omkhulu. Ngokomzekelo, umgangatho ophakathi eYurophu, ukususela kwimbono yeFransi yezobuhlanga uPhilippine Bourdieu, ngaphezu kwe-capital capital eyabelwe njengeyona nto ibalulekileyo kwi- Theory of Marxist, kufuneka ithembele kwintlalo yezenhlalakahle, ezenkcubeko kunye nezomfanekiso. Enye yeefom ze-Bourdieu zengxowankulu zithathwa njengezopolitiko. Unelungelo lobunikazi lwalubhalwe xa lufika kwipropati yezoqoqosho. Kwimeko yenkcubeko yenkcubeko, ubungqina bokuba yi-diploma okanye isihloko sezemfundo. Ipropati yentlalo, nangona kunjalo, yaqinisekiswa ngesihloko esihle. Ngaloo ndlela, kwakulungelelaniso olupheleleyo lweklasi yoluntu oluphakathi.

Enye ingongoma ebalulekileyo nayo iya kuqatshelwa. Kwizithethe zaseNtshona, isiqendu esiphakathi koluntu siyazi ukuba ipropati yangasese ayikho into eyabelwe, kodwa ihamba nayo imfuno yokufezekisa imisebenzi emininzi yoluntu. Ngaphandle koko, akunakukwazi ukukhusela, ukuhlala evulekile ukuxhamla kwinxalenye yabanye abantu.

Ingxoxo yengxaki yeklasi eliphakathi koluntu lwaseRashiya

Umgangatho ophakathi eRashiya umele uluhlu oluhlukeneyo lwezenzululwazi zenzululwazi kwinkcazo yezenhlalakahle. Ngokomzekelo, ezinye iinzululwazi zeNtshona ziphika ukuba ubukho bolu hlalutyo loluntu ngexesha lokusebenza kwe-USSR kunye neminyaka yokutshintshwa kwenkqubo yeSoviet (iZhvitiashvili, 2005). Ukususela kumbono weH. H. Balzer, ubukho bobuncwane obuphakathi bukhona kwi-Russian structure stratification structure, kodwa kuyahlukana nokuqonda okuqhelekileyo kwimbono "yeklasi eliphakathi" kuluntu.

Ngaloo ndlela, isazi senzululwazi yaseRashiya A.G. U-Levinson ubhala ukuba umbuzo wokuba ubukho beklasi ephakathi eRashiya njengento eqinisekisiweyo ngokwayo ayinanto ebalulekileyo. Kule meko, sithetha kuphela ngegama elinikezwe iqela labantu abathile, okanye malunga nokuchazwa kweziphumo ezithile. Umbuzo wobukho bemigangatho ephakathi eRussia akufanele ichithwe kwimeko apho kusetyenziswe okanye uphando oluphambili loluntu luqhutyelwa, kodwa phakathi kwamaziko karhulumente kunye noluntu, njengomzekelo, kwisiseko soluvo loluntu. Ngexesha elifanayo, njengoko umbhali uthi, kubaphandi abaninzi bafaka ingxoxo malunga nobukho / ukungabikho komgangatho ophakathi kwintlalo yaseRussia, ukuhlukana kweengcamango ezinjengokuthi "i-intelligentsia", "ingcali", "unxibelelwano oluphakathi", njl.

Iimpawu zesigaba esiphakathi kwisakhiwo sabantu baseRashiya banamhlanje

Ukuqonda okuqhelekileyo kubonisa ingqwalasela kuphela kubanikazi bepropati yobukhulu obuthile, kodwa nakwabathwali bezentlalo-ntlalo-ntlalo-ntsebenzo yezopolitiko, ukuchasana nokuphathwa kwentlalo, isithunzi somntu kunye nokuzimela, njl njl. Ngelo xesha, kwimeko yaseRussia kwiminyaka eyi-90. Abaguquleli bajonga ubudlelwane bepropati kuluntu kuphela kwicala loqoqosho.

Ngoku ngoku, kukho izibambiso zalo mbono, xa kukho "umzalwana" we "Solntsevo okanye iTambov mafia" ekuthiwa yi "intsika yoluntu" (uSimonyan R.Kh.): Udidi oluphakathi: intlalo yoluntu okanye inyaniso? Ngenxa yesiseko semoto emibini kwintsapho, njl.

Kule nkalo, kwiingcamango zentlalo yasekhaya zikhona iziganeko ezithile, xa iqela eliphakathi eRashiya libandakanya, okokuqala, ngabashishini bangebucala, kwaye kungengobunjiniyela, oogqirha okanye ootitshala. Isizathu sokuba "skew" esinjalo kukuba abameli bezoshishino zabucala banemali ephezulu kakhulu kuneengcali ezikhankanyiwe ngasentla.

Abaphengululi abaninzi, bephawula ukuba khona kwintlalo yaseRashiya yendawo yokuthenga abathengi, bakholelwa ukuba ngenxa yokuguqulwa kwayo ibe yinkalo epheleleyo, kubalulekile ukudala iimeko ezininzi:

• Utshintsho lwezakhiwo zoqoqosho;
• Ukuqulunqwa kwesithuba esikhethekileyo selizwe;
• Utshintsho kwingqondo yengingqi;
• Ukuhlaziywa kweendlela zokuziphatha, njalo njalo.

Kukho nawuphi na, inkqubo yokwenza isigaba esiphakathi ngokubanzi kwisizwe saseRashiya idinga ithuba elide elide.

Ixesha elidlulileyo kunye nelikhoyo eliphakathi kweRashiya

Ulwahlulo oluphambili kwi-social strata ukusuka kwingcamango ye-criterion yezoqoqosho njengoko ukuqonda okuphosakeleyo kwe-Marxist theory kuqinisekisile. Abameli bezinto eziphathekayo eziphathekayo kunye nabatyebi kakhulu kwiindawo zaseRashiya baninzi. Nangona kunjalo, umbuzo uvela malunga nokuba ubuninzi begosa eliphezulu okanye loomashishini omkhulu othabatha isisombululo singabalwa njengomhlali osesikweni sokubaluleka okuthe ngqo kwintlalo-politiki yeli gama. Iyeka ukuba sele ikhululekile. Aba abahlali abaninzi, njengabaphathi abathweswe amandla (uSimonyan, 2009).

Inkqubo yokubambisa iRashiya nayo yayinempembelelo engalunganga kwizinto ezithile zokubunjwa kwengcamango "yeklasi yezentlalo ephakathi". Esikhundleni sokuthi kuthiwa ukucebisa abantu, i-scam enkulu yombuso yayilungelelaniswe ukusabalalisa iimpahla eziqhelekileyo phakathi kwabammeli ngabanye bezoshishino zabucala. Le meko yomeleza ubuqhetseba besakhiwo sombuso. Ngenxa yoko, umnini-mali okwangoku unako ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zommeli weklasi, omelelwe njengeklasi eliphakathi. Lo mphathi, njengamanqaku e-S. Dzarasov, ngowona mthetho ulwaphulo-mthetho, kodwa alukho uhlobo lokuqonda.

Ingxaki kukuba lolu hlobo lwabantu luyakwazi ukuthatha izinto zabanye abantu kwaye ngexesha elifanayo alinakukwazi ukudala. Asikwazi ukuthetha ukuba kwakuyimibuzo yokungabi nalwazi lobugebengu bezenzo ezi. Abantu beklasi eliphakathi kwesi sigaba, ngokuqonda ngokupheleleyo ukungahambisani nomthetho kwipropati efunyenweyo, bhekane nayo - kungekhona njengenzuzo efanelwe, kodwa njengenzuzo eyamkelekileyo kunye nelungelo.

Ngako oko, ukutyunjwa kwesiqhelo saseRussia asikwazi ukuba yintoni na imisebenzi yoluntu yale propati. Iyayiphika loo mqondo woluntu olungileyo, ngokuchaseneyo nendlela ityhilwa ngayo uluntu lwaseNtshona kulomgangatho ophakathi. Kule nkalo, uninzi lwabantu baseRashiya abenqaba ukuqonda iziphumo zobume-mali kwiminyaka ye-1990. Okwangoku, ukuze uhloniphe ukungahambi kakuhle kwepropati, kuyimfuneko ukuba unomlingani osemthethweni. Kuphela phantsi kwalo mqathango, ipropati yangasese iba sisiseko sezoqoqosho loluntu olupheleleyo.

Ngaloo ndlela, icala lolwaphulo-mthetho loluntwini aluthethi nje ukuba negalelo ekubunjweni kweklasi eliphakathi, kodwa lukhokelela ekuphuculweni kweso sigqibo, esekelwe kwimpawu zentlalo yeklasi.