Ludwig Erhard: engobomi, iifoto, guqula usapho. Lo mmangaliso kwezoqoqosho German Lyudviga Erharda

Ludwig Erhard, ogama engobomi iya kuxoxwa kamva, i eyaziwa kakuhle laseburhulumenteni West German. Ngowe-1963-66 gg. Yena Federal Chancellor. Ukususela ngowe-1966 ukuya 1967 yena usihlalo yokuqala Christian Democratic Union.

Ludwig Erhard: biography

Uyise ungumKatolika nonina - kumProtestanti-ivangeli. imfundo Secondary Lyudvig Erhard waba Nuremberg kunye Fürth. Ngexesha World Okokuqala, wayesilwa zokudubula. Ngowe-1918, Erhard ebesifa. Ngenxa yale ukwenzakala ke kwafunyaniswa ukuba yome ebalulekileyo ngesandla sasekhohlo. Ekupheleni imisebenzi esixhenxe wavakaliswa azalufanelekela yabasebenzi ngokwasemzimbeni. Ludwig Erhard nentsapho yakhe inxaxheba kumashishini amancinane. Noko ke, ukonzakala iye kwisithintelo esikhulu ekuqhubekekeni umsebenzi kwinkampani kayise.

izifundo zaseyunivesithi

In waseLondon Institute of Ludwig Erhard waqalisa ukufunda economics. Waqhubekeka imfundo bakhe ke kwiYunivesithi Frankfurt. Ukukhumbula umfundi, Ludwig Erhard wathi waziva elilolo kakhulu kweli xesha. Ukuba ukulibala isandi selizwi lakhe, waya epakini apho ukuthetha ngokuvakalayo kuye. Ukufundisisa kwiYunivesithi eFrankfurt, Erhard waphawula mgangathweni kakhulu wokufundisa. Kulo mba, waye wabhenela ofisi umphathi kaThixo, apho ndacetyiswa ukuba aqhelane Frantsem Oppengeymerom. Waya endodeni. Ukususela mzuzu badibana Ludwig Erhard Ndandicinga ukuba Oppenheimer - enye oosonzululwazi German ilungileyo, ubeke isiseko inqubo melo.

imfundo-self

Nje phambi kokuqala i-Great Depression Lyudvig Erhard yangena babenze self-sifundo. Emva kwexesha elithile, wamiselwa uSekela-Mlawuli we-Institute of study Economic Research eNuremberg. Ngowe-1942 umahluko kunye amaNazi kwanyanzeleka ukuba aphume iziko. Kunyaka olandelayo, Ludwig Erhard waba yintloko iziko encinane uphando. It wadalwa kunye 'qela ombuso shishini. " Ingqalelo ephambili ihlawulwa nophuhliso embindini kutshintsho loqoqosho, imfuno apho bekucingelwa emva kokuwa ulawulo lwamaNazi.

umsebenzi kaRhulumente

Ukusukela ngoSeptemba 1945, Ludwig Erhard wakhonza njengoMphathiswa kuRhulumente kuqoqosho wohlobo. Wandula ke wahlala phezu njengoko intloko yesebe ezizodwa ojongene imali yeentengo zemboleko xa inyathi. NgoMeyi 1948, Erhard waba ngumlawuli zeSebe lwezoQoqosho. Emva ngo-1946, waqalisa ukuthetha malunga kubalulekile ukuba kubekho utshintsho kwinkalo yezoqoqosho. Lyudviga Erharda iinguqu lapapashwa ngoJuni 18-20, 1948. Kulo mzekelo, igosa laseburhulumenteni yaba nomsebenzi buqu kwi yinkululeko kwicandelo lezoqoqosho eJamani. Ngokutsho imodeli American, endaweni Reichsmark yaqaliswa ibe lwemali oluzinzileyo. Kwangaxeshanye, Erhard kubhangise ucwangciso karhulumente esembindini namaxabiso ngokunxulumene ezininzi ngeemveliso. Ngoko amashishini lizwe got inkululeko amanyathelo. Nangona uxhathiso komsindo Social Democrats, Erhard waqhubeka ukulandela kwizikhundla zobunene yaye yaxhasa uzinzo kwezemali.

Ingqesho kwezobuRhulumente Germany

Emva kokumiselwa Erhard yelizwe yaba UMphathiswa Economy ebudeni bolawulo uKonrad Adenauer. Kananjalo ekuziseni kwizithuba yokugqibela nguTshansila federal. Emva kweMfazwe yaseKorea kwenzeke "ummangaliso waseJamani." Ludwig Erhard, banikwa imeko enzima kurhwebo lwangaphandle, kwanyanzeleka ukuba esichengeni nezithintelo illiberal isicelo. Iindleko zempahla ekrwada kwamanye amazwe kushishino eJamani, lakhula nge-avareji ye-67%. Amaxabiso yempahla zorhwebo ezithunyelwa ngaphandle kweli lizwe -% 17 kuphela. Ukwenzela ukuqinisekisa ukukhula koqoqosho olukhawulezayo amelwe ukumbamba amazwe bandigxotha naye kwezinye abenzi. Ukuba ishishini likarhulumente ngelo xesha yaba ezingonelisiyo, lo mnyakazo kubi kuphela imeko kwicandelo lezoqoqosho. I kulindeleke ukuba imfazwe entsha ehlabathini.

Oku kwavusa aphakuzele, kwabe emva kwazo - imincili kumthengi. Emva koko wenza phakathi Chancellor Adenauer kunye noMphathiswa woPhuhliso lwezoQoqosho malunga imbambano. Le mpi isikali olubanzi ngokufanelekileyo, ngokuya phambili ulawulo iqela emxinwa. Concessions abeye Erhard ukuba ningazuza ixesha. Emva koko, iJamani waqalisa ukusebenza imfazwe ngokwawo. uqoqosho ezinzileyo kunye nendleko ezifikelelekayo nomba babo yabasebenzi waqalisa ukuzalisa isithuba abadinga imveliso yempahla zabo kwimveliso. Ngenxa irhafu ephantsi izinga lokukhula GDP Jamani kwinkulungwane yama-20, ifikelele nqanaba liphezulu kuwo onke sase kumazwe aphuhlileyo, lo gama kwinqanaba ukunyuka kwamaxabiso - lisezantsi. Emva utshintsho kwicandelo lezoqoqosho sele iqalile ukwakhiwa yokuvuselelwa kwezindlu.

Ludwig Erhard: Retirement

Ekuhambeni umsebenzi wayo, laseburhulumenteni ishiywe ngokupheleleyo ukusetyenziswa yommiselo karhulumente, apho zithandwa kakhulu eMpuma zisetyenziswa ngokubonakalayo ngenxa ababengaphambi kwakhe eJamani. Erhard ilizwe kuchazwa ngokungqongqo njengoko urhulumente inkcubeko Western, rhwebo. Ngowe-1963, Adenauer umhlala-phantsi. Erhard waba Chancellor entsha eJamani. Noko ke, lobuqotho bakhe, azenza kakuhle kwisithuba ukungavisisani ezibukhali phantsi kwikhava ekubonelelwe yi Adenauer, ngokupheleleyo endingafanele ukuba ugxininiso kwixesha elitsha. Ngowe-1966, phantsi kwengcinezelo evela abalandeli bakhe, kwanyanzeleka ukuba ukurhoxa. Ukuze kwimihla yokugqibela kakhulu ezimbalwa Erhard wahlala Bundestag, isekela endala.

indzima

ummangaliso Economic Lyudviga Erharda bamenza laseburhulumenteni odumileyo yobudala bakhe. Wanyanzelwa ukuba asebenze kwindawo apho kokuphazanyiswa ngurhulumente kwicandelo lezoqoqosho waba ngaphezu wokwenene. Wayesazi ukuba xa Ixesha impembelelo enkulu iingcamango yobusoshiyali kuyimfuneko ukusebenzisa uluhlu olubanzi amanyathelo ukuqinisekisa ukhuseleko loluntu yabemi. Noko ke, eyona njongo ephambili eliza ukuphuhlisa ingqiqo Lyudviga Erharda, ukuze kulondolozwe uzinzo kwezemali kunye inkululeko yezoqoqosho. Kwamandla emali kunye centralism baba iintshaba zalo eziphambili. Erhard wayefuna ukunciphisa naziphi na izenzo statism. Kwangaxeshanye, akazange azame ukulwa amandla yokunganyangeki. Wayecinga ukuba uza kuba bubulumko ukuba wasibeka ecaleni layo. Yiloo nto kanye kakuhle eli qhinga, leyo waziwa ngokuba rhwebo lwentlalo. Kwaqalwa kulona indlela kwimarike, kodwa hayi-ntle yoluntu.

isiphelo

Erhard usoloko ezama kangangoko kunokwenzeka ukucacisa ngokupheleleyo ngakumbi abantu ingakumbi iinguqu, apho wayeqhuba, endaweni yokuba, njengoko kwakusenziwa kwinkulungwane yama-20, ukuba abandakanyeke demagoguery. Ukulungele ukuba beyiseke wonke ummi eJamani de kufike ixesha lokuba angenazintloni loo nto iinzame ayala urhulumente ukuba kulondolozwe uzinzo lwemali inkxaso. CSU inkokheli Strauss wakhumbula ukuba, kamsinya nje Kwathi kuqoqosho kwimarike, e Erhard wavuka italente njengesithethi. Unomdla kwaye yosulela abaphulaphuli ngehlombe zabo. Erhard wakwazi ukweyisela, yena ngokukhawuleza ukuba ngokwayo yaye iphumelele ukuzithemba lweli.