Irula sungula emajukujukwini. enomjukujelwa uqala Top. Qala imizili InterContinental weave

Ukususela kumaxesha amandulo, abantu ndiphethulela ingqalelo yabo isibhakabhaka ngenjongo ukuqonda isakhiwo ngayo indalo, bafunde imithetho yayo, ukufumana indawo zamaqumrhu. Noxa kunjalo, ukuba ulwazi phezulu emoyeni Umhlaba yaye nangakumbi isithuba sangaphandle ngexesha elithile kwindlela uluntu ukuba siswele kakhulu. Kodwa ukuba bonke kwatshintsha kwinkulungwane XX, xa inkqubela zeteknoloji sele uqalile ukuya phambili, ngoko ukuthetha, ngenxa ephala. Le mpumelelo ushishino isithuba kwaye rocketry siza kuxubusha iinkcukacha kweli nqaku.

phayona

Ukuphehlelelwa lokuqala uYuri Gagarin ababekhwele watshintsha imbali yethu, ebabela ibe elide. April 12, 1961 Russian igosa yokuqala emhlabeni lathumela kwisithuba emajukujukwini.

Space umkhombe Sanduluka Baikonur malunga nentsimbi yesithoba kusasa ngexesha eMoscow. Ngenxa yoko, le rocket bayithwala kanye ehlabathini jikelele kwaye enze indiza olucwangcisiweyo at 10:55, kufutshane kwilali Smelovka imi kummandla Saratov. Ukuphehlelelwa kwaphumelela isithsaba umsebenzi elide kwaye yenkuthalo iqela iinjineli kunye nezinye iingcali eSoviet Union.

uqala space

Bambalwa abantu bazi, kodwa ngaphambi kokuba moya Gagarin kaThixo emajukujukwini ye-USSR babesenza R-7 enomjukujelwa ngokusesikweni ngo-1957. Ngenxa kweli lizwe amabhunga iphumelele umgaqo elugqatsweni isithuba eUnited States. Ngenxa yoko, amaMelika wathumela rocket kwi zidle kaJanuwari 31, 1958. Launch kwenzeka kwi US Cape Canaveral.

Oku kwalandelwa uqala enomjukujelwa eJapan (1970), China (1970), Great Britain (1971), India (1980), uSirayeli (1988), Russia (1992), Ukraine (1995), Iran (2009 nonyaka), North Korea (2012), South Korea (2013).

ukuqala Iimpawu

Rocket ndawana kufuneka wenziwe ukusetyenziswa kwamandla kunokwenzeka liphantsi. Eyiyo kakhulu ngokwemiqathango iseti ngesantya irula ingqalelo spaceports ezinjalo: European Kourou, Brazilian Alcantara nezinejika Sea Launch, ezinako yokuqalisa ngqo ukusuka kumgca ikhweyitha emhlabeni.

Kutheni umjukujelwa uqala kakuhle uthatha indawo kwi-ikhweyitha? Oku kungenxa kwimeko enjalo, umatshini ngokukhawuleza ukufumana isantya m intshukumo 465 zabo / s kwicala lasempuma. La manani ngenxa ukujikeleza umhlaba wethu. Yiyo loo nto abaninzi isikhokelo sokuqaliswa enomjukujelwa zithuthwa kwicala lasempumalanga. An ngaphandle kokuba kuqwalaselwa kuphela amaSirayeli njengoko lwasempumalanga ngayo imingcele ithi abangenabubele kakhulu kwaye ke ngoko kufuneka ukuba basebenzise iqala zabo kwicala malungana (ukuya ngasentshona).

ulwazi zembali

technology Space iye yasetyenziswa yi Wesithathu, owasebenzisa njengethuba lokuba kuthintelwe iSivumelwano Versailles. Kwanangaphambi yeSibini kweMfazwe Yehlabathi, amaJamani liphuhlise "V-2". imijukujelwa Qala le hlobo lwaqhutywa nxamnye Antwerp ne London. Yaba yena ngubani ngexabiso lokuqala enzima andize kakhulu kwiplanethi yethu.

Ixesha lubonise ukuba "V-2" ekugqibeleni yajika iprojekthi engalunganga ngokwemiqathango yamajoni kunye noqoqosho. Noko ke, ixabiso layo zembali usendleleni yokuba, wabulela US wakhe wamajoni ziingcali Soviet Union bakwazi ukuqinisekisa amandla eliphezulu technology rocket, olubonwa kwi ubunzima ukubhaqa komisa rocket ngokwayo xa ibhabha yayo. Kwaye ngenxa yokuba emva uloyiso phezu amaNazi eJamani zisuka zonke iimfihlo zorhwebo kunye namaxwebhu ezaye zakhokelela ekuqaleni Ugqatso Space phakathi qumrhu kunye nehlabathi Koloni.

Inkqubo endiza

Qala rocket isithuba namhlanje inikeza imveliso yawo ukujikeleza komhlaba. Ukuphumeza oku, i-isiphekepheke kuya kufuneka kwi ukuphakama iphantsi kunokwenzeka ukuba babe nako ukufikelela kwi yokuqala Velocity cosmic kwicala tye (7.9 km / s). Ukuba le nani sifikelelwayo, ngoko ke enomjukujelwa iba satellite ngumntu iplanethi yethu. Ukuba isantya ngaphantsi kwe ixabiso elikhankanyiweyo, isikhokelo kweziphumo umjukujelwa wokuhlolwa ukuze bakuthathele ingqalelo.

Ukuze kuphunyezwe ixabiso le uqina yokuqala lendalo kwi sihlole izinto ezisetyenziswayo multi-sigaba Umgaqo. Rocket efanayo kakhulu uthatha angabikho ufakelo ekhaya eyenzelwe ngokukhethekileyo.

Inkokeli wonke ngo-2015

Ngo-2015, kwasungulwa imijukujelwa isithuba ukusuka kummandla Russia waphumelela gqitha. Kunyaka ophelileyo Russian Federation wenziwe 26 launches of iziphekepheke, leyo wamvumela ukuba ukuthatha indawo olungenamiqathango yokuqala ehlabathini. IRussia kubalelwa i-30% yazo zonke uqala indawo ehlabathini. Kwamagqabi ukuqaliswa enkulu baba Baikonur kunye Plesetzk.

isixhobo esinamandla

Kwihlabathi lanamhlanje, ingqalelo ekhethekileyo ihlawulwe babizwa ngokuba imijukujelwa zomkhosi weave. Ngamnye kubo indibanisela iinxalenye ezimbini eziphambili:

• ibalekisa isabelo;
• Battle entloko, leyo, ethetha ngqongqo, agcwayele.

Eyokuqala kwezi idla amelwe isibini okanye triplet izigaba multi-ton omkhulu, ezaliswe ngokupheleleyo kunye namafutha. Ezi zinto zimbini ke zithunyelwa kwicala elichanekileyo kwentloko rocket unike kukukhawuleziswa efunekayo.

Kufuneka Ngokuqinisekileyo kuqatshelwe ukuba ukusungulwa imijukujelwa enjalo ballistic - le nkqubo onzima nobilis. A nesikhokelo ukubhabha udlula umaleko-Hewana ezisezantsi-orbit, kunye kolibaziseko kancinane kweli nqanaba, ngoko kukho intshukumo phantsi endleleni okweqanda, ngqo abethe iithagethi.

rhoqo ukuphehlelelwa ngokusesikweni enomjukujelwa enjalo ballistic lwenziwa ngwenya zenyukliya. Umzekelo okuphawuleka inqanawa Russian "Borey", ukubayinxalenye iklasi ka weave ngwenya besizukulwana sesine. Kwakhona, izikhali weave , "Ohio" axhobe ngwenya yaseMelika.

Noko ke, izikhali enjalo unokusekelwa kwezinye iindawo:

• emhlabeni izindululi zokubhala;
• ku silos;
• Ufakelo mobile ezifana ivili;
• kwi izindululi rail.

Namhlanje ku izikhali ballistic enyusiweyo iinjini eqinileyo okanye engamanzi kunye namacandelo okubila eliphezulu. Ezivuthayo olu hlobo kufika kwindawo kwikhaya labo urhulumente ukulungele kwaye zigcinwe lupwa lokulungela lonke ixesha inkonzo yabo. Oku kuphehlelelwa luthatha ukude ova okanye intambo channels. Inkqubo yokulungisa ukuze uqalise kufuna imizuzu embalwa.

Xa ndiqukumbela, ndithanda ukuba bathi naziphi izikhali mihla - imveliso kwi kwendalo kunye nokugcina abasebenzi inani elikhulu labantu, ukuqalela iinjineli uyilo kunye nesiphelo kunye namajoni elikwisikhundla esiphezulu kunye namagosa ekuqhubeni iiyunithi yesondlo emi phezu qwa. Oku kuqinisekisa umoya oluthembekileyo iingweletshetshe lizwe.