Amanyathelo Anti-kwamaxabiso e-Russia

Ukuziqhelisa, umsebenzi lwezoqoqosho kwezolimo ayikho umlinganiselo ichanekile kwaye olubanzi kuphela kwamaxabiso, kodwa ukuvavanya ifuthe iyinene kule meko kwaye amise kubo. Kule nkqubo, okokuqala zonke zinentsingiselo utshintsho ekhethekileyo noshowo ukwanda.

Ezi nkcukacha le meko

Xa emali nokunyuka kwamaxabiso imveliso "balanced", ukonga phakathi nolwalamano wangaphambili. Kulo mzekelo, nexabiso elichazwa ngokuthelekisa imeko kwiimarike yempahla kunye nabasebenzi. Xa uthwele inqanaba lemivuzo ephantsi labemi belizwe lo kuyehla, nangona lomba wokuba ixabiso imali efunde ngaphambili ilahlekile. Xa ngawona yokwaba nokunikezelwa kwengeniso, kukho utshintsho kumaziko imveliso yempahla kunye neenkonzo. Oku kungenxa nokungazinzi kwamaxabiso ukungalingani. Lenyuka ingakumbi ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso eemveliso ngemihla imfuno inelastic. Oku, simenza kuncitshiswa umgangatho wobomi kunye nokwanda nengxabano kwezentlalo.

Imveliso esuka kwindawo

Imiphumela emibi ukungalingani imeko amaxabiso ezifunwa izixhobo lolawulo kumazwe ahlukeneyo ukuqhuba yothungelwano lomgaqo-. Le abahlaziyi uzama uku bana phandle leyo naphaya ngcono kwimeko yangoku nokuphuhlisa inkqubo ukuphelisa kuyo. Kumazwe ahlukeneyo, lo mba iyatyhilwa ngokwahlukileyo. Xa uhlalutyo meko kuthathelwa ingqalelo yonke uluhlu izinto ezithile. Umzekelo, eNgilani Melika kwinqanaba kukarhulumente, ephambili inikwa uphuhliso lwenkqubo impahla. Kwamanye amazwe umsebenzi nokudalwa imilinganiselo lithathelwe ezintsonkothileyo.

indlela Keynesian

Ukuhlalutya amanyathelo anti-emali-nkqubo yezoqoqosho, kukho iindlela ezimbini ukuya ngxaki. Omnye wabo ephuhliswa kunye Keynesians mihla, kwaye eyesibini - abalandeli yesikolo neoclassical. Kule ndlela yokuqala, amanyathelo okulwa emali karhulumente bancipha entlokothisa iirhafu kunye neendleko. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba nefuthe ngamandla emali. Ngenxa oku, Kakade ke, ukunyuka lunqunyanyisiwe. amanyathelo Anti-emali ezilolu hlobo ke, nayo ibe nefuthe elibi kakhulu kwimveliso, kunciphisa nto. Oku kunokukhokelela ngxi, yaye kwezinye iimeko kwintlekele, kubandakanya ukwanda kwentswela-ngqesho. Ukwandiswa yokufunwa kwisigaba sokwehla kwakhona kuphunyezwa ngokuqhuba -nkqubo karhulumente. Ukukhuthaza amazinga bakhe yerhafu enkenenkene, laqalisa inkqubo yotyalo kunye nezinye iindleko. Leentlawulo yokuqala ephantsi lubekelwe abo bafumana imivuzo ephantsi kunye neziphakathi. Kukholelwa ukuba indlela ukwandisa umthengi imfuneko yeenkonzo kunye neemveliso. Noko ke, njengokuba kusenziwa imiboniso, amanyathelo okulwa kwamaxabiso olunjalo kubi kuphela meko. Ukongeza, le igumbi zobuqili kwenkcitho kunye irhafu kakhulu inciphise intsilelo mali.

theory neoclassical

Ngokutsho kwakhe, ukuya phambili ulawulo lwezemali kunye ngetyala. Kuyinto abongi kunye ngokungangqalanga kuchaphazela meko. Kukholelwa ukuba amanyathelo urhulumente anti-emali kufuneka zijoliswe ekunciphiseni bafuneka kangakanani. Amarhamente le ngcamango isizathu yinto yokuba ukukhuthaza ukukhula kunye nengqesho ukugcina artificially ngokwehlisa umkhondo izinga lentswela zendalo ilahleko yolawulo phezu meko. Le nkqubo liqhuba i-Central Bank namhlanje. Ngokusemthethweni, ayikho phantsi kolawulo lukarhulumente. I-Bank unefuthe kwimarike ngokusebenzisa utshintsho Ukubolekisa imali kwaye umyinge wenzala-mboleko.

inkqubo nezimo

Njengenxalenye wolawulo kwimakethi bale mihla lula ukuphelisa zonke iinkalo emali (abadla bodwa, intsilelo mali, ukungalingani kwezoqoqosho, ezilindelekileyo oosomashishini kunye labemi, njalo njalo). Kungenxa yoko le nto abaninzi lizwe endaweni yokuzama ukusombulula imeko sizama ndlela zonke ukuba ukufutha ntlekele, ukuthintela ukwanda lwabo. Namhlanje, eyona kufanelekile ukudibanisa elifutshane elide kunye namanyathelo ixesha elide urhulumente anti-kwamaxabiso. Makhe sihlolisise ngokweenkcukacha.

inkqubo Long-term

Le nkqubo anti-kwamaxabiso kuquka:

1. Ukwenziwa buthathaka Impembelelo iimeko zangaphandle. Kulo mzekelo ingxaki ukunciphisa ifuthe emali phezu nokube kuqoqosho of capital amazwe. Bona azibonakali ngohlobo mboleko elifutshane elide kunye mboleko ukuba ahlawule eshotayo yohlahlo eli lizwe.
2. Ukuseka imida engqongqo ekukhuleni kwesixa-mali yonyaka.
3. Ukunciphisa eshotayo mali, ekubeni mali yayo ngokuqinisekisa ukuba mboleko Central Bank kukhokelela kwamaxabiso. Lo msebenzi kufezeka Ukunciphisa iindleko kunye nokwanda irhafu.
4. Ukubuyisela wokulindelwe luluntu, esi somelezi imfuno yangoku. Ukuze wenze oku, amanyathelo acacileyo nkqubo anti-emali kufuneka ziyilwe ukuze aphumelele intembeko abemi. iinkokheli zelizwe kufuneka negalelo ekusebenzeni ngempumelelo emarikeni. Oku, kuba nempembelelo entle bengqondo yabathengi. Kulo mzekelo, amanyathelo anti-kwamaxabiso kuquka yinkululeko amaxabiso, ekuvuseleleni imveliso, ukulwa lokubanga njalo njalo.

Le program elifutshane elide

Ijoliswe nokuthoba yethutyana kwamaxabiso. Kulo mzekelo, ukwandiswa efunekayo yonikezelo aggregate ngaphandle ngokwandisa imfuno iyonke ifunyanwa kubonelelwa izibonelelo ezithile kumashishini abazibandakanya ukuvelisa iimveliso kunye neenkonzo ukongeza ukuya kwimveliso engundoqo. Inxalenye yale propati ibe zentengiso ngurhulumente, nto leyo eza kunika nokubandakanywa eyongezelelweyo mali. Oku kube lula kakhulu ngesisombululo iingxaki abanqongopheleyo. Ukongeza, inkqubo karhulumente elifutshane yamanyathelo anti-kwamaxabiso kunciphisa imfuno ngokusebenzisa isixa esikhulu lezabelo leenkampani ezintsha. ukukhula Supply inegalelo umsebenzisi ukuthunyelwa kwempahla. impembelelo ethile ukunyuka kwesantya senzala kwimilinganiselo yenzala. It kwandisa izinga imali.

amanyathelo Anti-kwamaxabiso e-Russia

Iminyaka emininzi, iBhanki Central kunye ne-Ofisi yoMphathiswa wezeMali kuqhutywa inkqubo deterrent. Kwakugcwele ukuboleka imali engange okuli koko ezilandelelanayo dollar yokuhlawula amatyala kurhwebo lwasekhaya kunye. Amava abonisa ukuba nkqubo amanyathelo anti-kwamaxabiso ayikwazanga ukuqinisekisa uzinzo lwamaxabiso. Ngaphezu koko, ukusebenzisa kwabo kuyingozi kakhulu elizweni. Ukutyala kwimveliso ngempela indlela ngqiqweni kakhulu phandle. Nangona kunjalo, imali iye bayacalulwa yeshishini, ukufumana enye indlela. Ngoko ke, kukho ukwanda kakhulu ixabiso lepropati, ukwanda imithamo kwiintengiso nezinto zodidi kunye nezinye iindleko. Ngelo xesha linye inzuzo eyinkunzi "shushu" ngokuphindaphindiweyo yazisa ukuba Central Bank, iye itshintshe kakhulu izizathu abatyali-mali. currency zangaphandle lube nenzuzo kakhulu ukuguqula ibe engange. Baba iindawo ikhula ngamandla of amalinge zemali. Namhlanje, kweli candelo kukho umvuzo ophezulu, nto leyo ezingahambi ukugcwaliswa sophawu. Ngelo xesha linye lenyuka ukuxhomekeka ye mveliso mali evela kwimithombo yangaphandle. Umsebenzi lwemali kazwelonke ngexesha elifanayo waba ehlala kuphela kulondolozo urhwebo phakathi abangenisa kunye imisebenzi kwiimarike stock. Nangona imali engange ibikukubonelela unxulumano ngokuqukunjelwa iikontraki zasekhaya kunye nabathengi. Imali kazwelonke, yaba phantse akukho Imfuneko kuqoqosho Russian nangokuxhomekeke kwamaxabiso.

imiyalelo ezithembisayo

Ngempumelelo ukulwa nale ngxaki ikhoyo, iingcali ezininzi kubona eyakhayo ukukhula kwezoqoqosho. Le indlela kubandakanya ukusetyenziswa kwezixhobo zolawulo zendalo, kwaye ke zithembekile. Xa iimali ezongezelelweyo zifunwa inxaxheba kurhwebo lwasemakhaya, usomashishini osakhasayo kusoloko kufumana ithuba lokuba athathe imali kwibhanki lizwe labo okanye kwamanye amazwe. Kulo mzekelo, i kumazwe uya ukuguqula ngokuzithandela iinzuzo kulo lwemali kazwelonke. Ukuba imali kuqoqosho iya kuba maninzi, baya kuthunyelwa ifakwa okanye utyalo-mali kwamanye amazwe. Umsebenzi kwiziko ukukhutshwa kufuneka ukubamba amaqondo enzala kumgangatho inikwa ukuthintela ukuhla awo elikhulu lekhredithi yemakethi. Noko ke, abahlalutyi bathi imeko eRashiya kunokwenzeka ukuba Central Bank iya kuba "otyalwayo net 'ukuba kwiibhanki zorhwebo. Kulo mzekelo, uya kukwazi basiyalele imiqathango amaxabiso, kuba baxhomekeke emarikeni. ye Central Bank ukuboleka nazo kufuneka. Noko ke, kufuneka ibhekiswe ukususwa kuphuphuma yexeshana. abolekisa Net ndlela iza kuqinisekisa inzuzo imisebenzi kwimalike evulelekileyo. Oku kuya kunika ifuthe eziyimfuneko anti-kwamaxabiso.

izibopho wezezimali

Bona okwenziwe yenyuse amazinga kunye nefuthe elibi ngezimali kwicandelo yezoqoqosho uqobo. Ngelo xesha mboleko karhulumente ifuna iintlawulo umdla kubatyali-mali. Ngenxa yoko, zakha isiphumo kwingxaki kabini. Okokuqala, ukukhula unikezelo mboleko kade, okwesibini - ulwando bafuneka kangakanani. imithombo ukuphucula imveliso yorhwebo iya kukhululwa kumiwe xa epheleleyo yokuboleka.

irhafu

Uphuhliso ishishini zasekhaya kunzima ngakumbi kuphazamiseko engeyomfuneko ngabasemagunyeni kwimisebenzi yayo, ingxelo kwaye iitsheki ezininzi. Ngokutsho kweengcali, iingxaki bakhulu inkqubo yerhafu. Uninzi lwababhali iceba akuyomfuneko kuzo zonke izityholo, ngaphandle kwezo baqhutywa iinkonzo zikarhulumente, amashishini amancinane kunye neziphakathi. Ngale ndlela yokulinganisa isiqabu akayi kuba ilahleko mali ebonakalayo, kodwa uya ngokuyinxenye rhoxisa umgaqo yentsebenziswano non-emarikeni phakathi kukarhulumente kunye ngoosomashishini. amanyathelo anti-kwamaxabiso kuya kuvumela ishishini ukwenza umsebenzi wayo zentlalo, eliza ilizalise iimveliso ezishelifini nabemi ukubonelela ngemisebenzi kunye nomvuzo. Xa ishishini ungayihlawuli irhafu ziya kuqhuba ngaphandle izithunzi. La manyathelo anti-kwamaxabiso kuya kusebenza stimulus enamandla yophuhliso lwecandelo kwimveliso.

ukwengeza

Ukongeza koku kungasentla, iingcali zibonisa ukuba ukusetyenziswa kwezinye iindlela anti-kwamaxabiso. Kufuneka ezifana ukuze ufumane isiphumo ezi ayizange kudinga ixesha elide. Phakathi kwabo, ingakumbi, abahlalutyi bacebisa ukuba ukungenisa ukusondela ayabiza imisebenzi phezu kwamanye amazwe amandla. Oku kuya kuqinisekisa izinto ukhuseleko ekrwada eli lizwe kwixesha elide, ukuze nizalise market amafutha asekhaya, ukwandisa ukhuphiswano. Oku, kumele ukuba ukhokelele ekubeni ngamaxabiso aphantsi.

isiphelo

Namhlanje, kwamaxabiso yenye inkqubo kakhulu yingozi kwaye ibuhlungu kakhulu. Oku kunefuthe elibi kwicandelo lezimali kunye nezoqoqosho. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso - yinto ukuhla ubuchule ukuthengwa mali kuphela. Ubhubhisa indlela yommiselo kwezoqoqosho, uchitha yonke imizamo eyenziwe kwinkqubo yotshintsho noshowo, kukhokelela kwimarike ukungalingani. Uhlobo ngokubonakala kwamaxabiso zinokuba nomahluko. Iinkqubo ayikwazi kuqwalaselwa kuphela nje ngenxa yokuba izenzo ezithile kurhulumente. Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso ibangwa kwezithintelo nzulu kwinkqubo yezoqoqosho. Ukusuka oku kulandela ukuba yonke flow yawo random, kodwa ezinzileyo. Kule meko, uphuhliso amanyathelo anti-lentengo zibe namhlanje umsebenzi ophambili kurhulumente. Njengoko sesitshilo ngasentla, ucwangciso ephumayo ukusuka crisis ifuna ubuchule ixesha elide. Noko ke, ukuba kuphumelela kuphela xa seyibuyisiwe nolindelo ngokukhawuleza kwamaxabiso yoluntu. Ukusombulula le ngxaki, kufuneka ube inkqubo yokomeleza iindlela zeemarike intembeko luninzi lwabantu. Njengoko amanyathelo mandatory yokunqanda kwamaxabiso, Kakade ke, kufuneka benze ukunciphisa intsilelo mali. Kufuneka kukhunjulwe ukuba zonke iinkqubo baya kuba nempumelelo kuphela xa oko ngexesha elifanayo ukuphuhlisa nokukhuthaza icandelo lemveliso. Kunciphise nemfuno ebenagwayo imali ngokuthi kubekho yokomelezwa imarike yemveliso, ithuba ukutyala esitokisini, umbutho elifanelekileyo babucala. Ngenxa yoko, le meko iya kuyilwa ukwenzela ukugcina izinga lisezantsi kangangoko kwamaxabiso. Abayi kuba nempembelelo ebalulekileyo mechanism emarikeni kwaye iphazamise uphuhliso eqhelekileyo lizwe.