Ngegama GDP, GDP yokwenene: yintoni umahluko?

Izalathi ezingundoqo kuqoqosho na GDP kunye GNP (wesiqhelo kunye real), net ingeniso yesizwe, wesizwe ubutyebi, lobuqu ingeniso elahlwayo. Bonke ubonise inqanaba imeko yezoqoqosho kweli lizwe, uluntu kunye nabahlali.

Njengoko kulinganiswa yi umlinganiselo "GDP ababezibiza - GNP yokwenene 'yaye yintoni na le nto? Yintoni deflator? Okuninzi malunga oku kuza kuxutyushwa ngakumbi.

ukuba nombono

Phambi kokuba zisixelela ntoni, amanani ngegama yokwenene GDP, sibheka kuzo umbuzo ingqikelelo imveliso wamazwe. Le yenye yeempawu eziphambili koqoqosho olukhulu. Babalwa ixabiso lemarike lazo zonke iimpahla zokugqibela kunye neenkonzo eziveliswe ngabemi, zombini ngaphakathi lizwe nakwamanye amazwe.

Umzekelo, inkampani ethile Russian ukulungiselela ukuveliswa kwemveliso confectionery na izibonelelo lemveliso kokubini eRashiya nakwamanye amazwe. Iseti lokugqibela ixabiso lemarike ukususela intengiso eziveliswa kuwo onke amashishini nkampani, ziya kufakwa kwi iyonke GNP. Ke iimpahla eziveliswa-mveliso eRashiya, ziya kubandakanywa kuphela kwi- GDP (GDP).

Ngenxa yoko, kwimveliso yesizwe ulingana GDP kunye iseti iimpahla eziveliswa ngabemi ngaphandle elizweni. Le mbono "ngegama GNP", "GDP yokwenene" ukuhlalutya ngezantsi. Ngoku ukuchaza ukuba iindleko lokugqibela yempahla.

Ingcamango ixabiso lokugqibela iimpahla

Zonke iinkcukacha, ukususela inxalenye spare emotweni iglasi,, njalo njalo. D. Ngaba kuthengiswa kwi emarikeni yinxalenye esele zenziwe, kwaye ngathi imveliso ngxuba ezifana imoto.

To kwezibonisi zoqoqosho lwamashishini ibe injongo kangangoko kunokwenzeka, ithathele ingqalelo kuphela isixa ixabiso lokugqibela impahla. Enye indlela yokufumanisa kurhwebo lwasekhaya - i-value added tax.

umzekelo

Umzekelo,-mveliso itrekta othenga iinjini ezisuka kwezinye iinkampani. Kulo mzekelo, ezi mveliso aziyi kuthathelwa ngqalelo ukusa kumkhamo izikhombisi zoqoqosho. Baya kungena kuphela imali esuka kwintengiso itektala. Kodwa ukuba omnye isityalo injini uya kuthengisa iyunithi emarikeni yesibini ngokusebenzisa ezingoovimba abaza kuzisebenzisa yezolimo, ixabiso layo uya kuhla kuzo zombini GDP kunye GNP.

Wesiqhelo kunye real GNP

Ngamanye amaxesha, xa uqoqosho ilizwe, iinkqubo inkqubo ezifana nokwanda emali, ukwehla, ihlelo njalo njalo. Ngokubanzi, izikhombisi zoqoqosho ibalwa zemali zendawo, nangona imveliso kwesambuku, Kakade, lingaba nokulinganiswa kwiiyunithi eqhelekileyo ukuba. Ngokunyuka kwamaxabiso depreciate imali, nto leyo ithetha ukuba izikhombisi yoqoqosho olukhulu, ekufuneka sibonise imeko yokwenene bemicimbi, kuyimfuneko ukwenza utshintsho xa kuyimfuneko.

Nanku umzekelo umvuzo oko kukuthi indices wesiqhelo kunye real. Masithi, kwiminyaka emithathu edlulileyo, ummi abafumana umvuzo of $ 30 amawaka. Engange ngomlinganiselo engange-30 dollar ngalinye. Oko kukuthi, enyanisweni umvuzo yakhe amawaka 1. Idola. Namhlanje, umvuzo yena nje-30 amawaka. Engange. Yiloo nto ke ngummi ngegama eyamkela isixa efanayo ngaphambili. Namhlanje, Noko ke, ukuba zibe sele ubuncinane $ 500 zathengwa. Nicinga ukuba inani elikhulu iimveliso kwilizwe lethu ezivela kwamanye amazwe, ekugqibeleni uya kwandisa amaxabiso kwi kwiivenkile phantse kabini. Ngenxa yoko, umvuzo ngempela ngummi neminyaka engaphantsi kwe emithathu eyadlulayo, nangona amanani (nominal) kwi yamaphepha awuyitshintshanga.

A bama GDP ababezibiza - GDP elinentsingiselo efanayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba yintoni amanani namhlanje nezalathisi zoqoqosho, kubalulekile - ingaba imeko ezitshintshileyo kuqoqosho ukuba ngcono.

Wesiqhelo kunye real GDP: GDP deflator

Deflator ubala ukunyuka okanye nokuwa kuqoqosho ngenxa kwinqanaba lomlinganiselo Iimpawu zoqoqosho ngokuhamba kwexesha. Oku ibalwa wokubala: umdibaniso yexabiso kunamaxabiso entengiso kweempahla kunye neenkonzo nyaka, bahlulwe udibaniso ixabiso ixabiso lemarike yonyaka. Isiphumo kufuneka liphindaphindwe nekhulu ekhulwini.

Onke amanani ngezantsi 100 kuya kuthetha yokuhla GDP, ngaphezu kwe-100 - ukukhula.

Abo baye bafunda imbali siyazi ukuba amaKomanisi ngo-1917, xa kuthelekiswa zonke izalathisi lophuhliso "kusikelelwa" ngo-1913. Kulo nyaka, enyanisweni, uBukhosi Russian waba yinkokheli ehlabathini lonke nezalathisi zoqoqosho. Kodwa athelekise kuphela amanani kanye: kangakanani lwaqokelelwa, ukuvunwa, uphose, njl capitalism ke abamgatyayo, yaye kwaba nzima ukuqinisekisa ixabiso lemali izikhombisi zoqoqosho ...

Namhlanje yonke into yatshintsha. Xa yongxowankulu thina uthelekise amanani amazwi ixabiso layo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba ingqolowa zikhiwa kunyaka ophelileyo, kubalulekile - kuba yimalini ithengiswe.

isiseko unyaka xa kuhlolwa izikhombisi zoqoqosho. Njengoko umthetho, omnye kakhulu impumelelo kwezoqoqosho.

Kudla lithathwe njengesiseko ngo-2007. Ukubala ukunyuka okanye nokuwa imveliso kwesambuku, kuyimfuneko ukuba bashwankathele ixabiso lempahla kunye neenkonzo-2007 kwaye ulahlule amanani ka-2008 (okanye nayiphi na enye, ukuba sifuna leyo ukuze ufumane isiphumo). Le mali engumphumela liphindaphindwe nekhulu ekhulwini.

Calculation Umzekelo GNP deflator

Umzekelo, isiphumo zonke iimpahla kunye neenkonzo wathengisa yaba $ 1 zezigidi. engange ngo-2007 (amanani ezikhutshwa phantsi kwemiqathango). Ngowe-2008, ngokunxulumene nengxaki, waqalisa ukwenza 0.8. Ngoko ke, lo deflator GNP iya kubalwa wokubala: (0.8 / 1) x 100 = 80.

Oko ke GNP ngo-2008 80% ye pre-crisis 2007.

Kodwa sifumana nje izikhombisi umthamo encinane. Ukuze ufumane amanani yokwenene, kuyimfuneko ukuba zibe kwamaxabiso akhawunti izinga currency esemthethweni (ukuba kwezibonisi zoqoqosho lwamashishini zaye zathathelwa ingqalelo ekunikweni lwemali kazwelonke).

Ngokomzekelo, ngowe-2014, i-dollar wanika 35 engange ngo-2016 malunga 62 (ingakumbi iya kuthathela ingqalelo le khosi ngqo, senza into kuphela). Izikhombisi eziphambili kuqoqosho ibalwa xa imali engange (ubuncinane kuthi ngayo ingxelo kulo iindaba). Amanani GDP zango-2014 malunga ziyafana 2015 (ukuba lwahluma, ayikho kakhulu).

Ngokwemibandela ucinge ukuba ngo-2014, yaye ngowe-2015 umthamo we-GDP yaba mali $ 1 zezigidi. engange, kodwa kukho ukwehla ebalulekileyo lwemali kunye nokwanda $ 1 zezigidi. engange, siya kuthenga iidola ngomlinganiselo 62 engange USD nganye ngaphantsi kwe malunga nama-45% ngaphezu ukuba izinga 35 p. ukuze USD

Ngaloo ndlela, umyinge wesiqhelo ayitshintshanga -. Engange billion 1, kwaye indices yawa phantse 45%.

Kakade ke, ukusebenza kwimveliso kuzwelonke zonke zoqoqosho abaziintloko nabezopolitiko balindele, njengoko umthetho, ngeedola. Kulo mzekelo, asiyi kuba ukwehla kwamandla emali wesizwe indima ekhethekileyo ukudlala ukujonga yokwenene kunye nomthamo ngegama, kodwa lonyuka kwamaxabiso, iqatshelwe dollar, ngokutsho uqikelelo rough ukuya kwi-1%.

Ngenxa yoko, ukuba zonke izibalo kuyimfuneko, kunokwenzeka ukuba ukuthelekisa amanani wesiqhelo / owona GNP kunye ukujonga imeko lokwenyaniso yemicimbi kuqoqosho.

Ukunyuka kwamaxabiso kuya kuhlala?

Kodwa kwezinye iimeko, GDP lokwenyani GDP ngama? Oku kuya kwenzeka xa imigaqo emibini iyalingana ku zero:

• Izinga lokwenyuka kwamaxabiso.
• ukwehla lwemali kazwelonke ngokunxulumene kumgangatho wehlabathi. Oko kukuthi, esi siganeko kubonakala kungenakwenzeka. Ungaze, njengoko uqikelelo ziingcali zezoqoqosho, kwihlabathi lanamhlanje nkulu, GDP wesiqhelo kunye real ayilungelelene. Ngaphandle kokuba, kakade, thina Akabhatalelwa iirhafu nominal kulo nyaka, nto leyo wathathwa ngokusesikweni njengoko siseko. Umzekelo, ukuba isiseko ethathwe ngo-2007, imiqathango wokwenene ababezibiza ngayo iya kulingana. Kodwa ke thina asikwazi ukuqonda iimfuno zoqoqosho.

isiphelo

Ngoko ke, siye saxubusha ingqiqo ezifana GDP ngegama, GDP yokwenene, yaye deflator ifomula kuchazwa, nto leyo evumela ukuba ukumisela zophuhliso zeli lizwe. Sinethemba lokuba idata ekhoyo ubuninzi edizwe magama. Ngapha koko, lo iingxaki zoqoqosho kwihlabathi oko kuyimfuneko ukuhamba nezimaphambili ezingundoqo kwezoqoqosho.