Uhlobo lweCriteria

Yintoni ekufuneka iqondwe yi binzana elithi "iinjongo zentlobo"? Ngaphambi kwesi ngxoxo ebalulekileyo, i-anecdote ikhunjulwa.

Umhlali wagijima ugijima kummelwane wakhe, kwaye i-watermelon isinqunywe ngesigamu, imikhombe ibe kuyo, kwaye isiqingatha se-watermelon sidibanisa kunye neenkonyane. Ummangalisa wamangaliswa, wabuza ukuba ummelwane wakhe wenza ntoni.

Okufanayo kunye nokummangalisa ngobuqhetseba kumxelela ukuba le nkqubo ibizwa ngokukhetha. "Nantsi i-watermelon ewela ngamaprosi, ufumana ibakala elitsha. Yinqumle i-watermelon, yibethe itafile etafileni, kwaye imbewu ye-cockroach iphuma kwinqumle kwaye iphele kwaye idibanise ngokutyhalwa! "

Ewe, kuhlekisa! Kwaye yonke into yokuba umhlali, ngokusemandleni onke, akazange aqonde ukuba kukho imigaqo ethile yezilwanyana eziphilayo. Awukwazi ukukhetha kuphela iinambuzane kunye nezityalo ezinxulumene nezikumkani ezahlukeneyo kwi-biology, kodwa nakwi-pumpkin kunye ne-watermelon, ekubeni ezi zityalo zivela kumasebe ahlukeneyo, kwiiklasi, kwiintsapho, ukuba zingathethi iintlobo.

Inkcazo yohlobo lomzimba okanye umntu ngamnye usekelwe kwizinto ezininzi. Ngenye indlela, le miqondiso ingabizwa ngokuba yimigangatho. Eli gama lavela kwi-Greek "criterion", oku kuthetha "ithetha isigwebo."

Ukwahlula izilwanyana, iindlela eziqhelekileyo ezisetyenziswayo yizinto eziphilayo, ukugqamisa imilinganiselo yezilwanyana, izifo zenyama, i-biochemical, i-geographical and genetic.

Iintlobo zenkcazo zentlobo ziyimpawu zeronomic ezibonakalayo zintlobo ezinikeziweyo, kodwa ezingekho kwabanye. Kwezinye iimeko babizwa ngokuba yi-diagnostic. "Iintlobo ezinzulu" ezibizwa ngeN.I. Isicatshulwa se-Vavilov seempawu, ekuvumela ukuba ufake i-interspecific delimiter ethembekileyo.

Iingqinisiso zezilwanyana ziye zahlulwa zibe zizinto eziphambili, ezisetyenziselwa ezininzi iintlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezinye ezongezelelweyo ezingafanelekanga ukuzimisela ngabo bonke. Imilinganiselo yezofuzo isekelwe kwinto yokuba isakhiwo esiphezulu sesithangathi esithile somntu siyinombolo ehlukeneyo, ubungakanani kunye nokuma kwama-chromosomes. Le nyaniso inzima kakhulu kwinkqubo ye-meiosis.

Ngenxa yoko, ukutshintshisana kwemfuza phakathi kweentlobo ezahlukeneyo kubonakala kunqabile, kuqinisekiswe ukuzimela kwezityalo zohlobo. Ngenxa yokuhlukahluka kweentlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezilwanyana emhlabeni.

Kodwa i-criterion criterion yezilwanyana ayikho yonke indawo. Ngokomzekelo, ukuhlonyelwa kwetyala kufakelwe kwiMhlaba ngokubanzi. Kufuneka ukuba ukhumbule iimvavanyo eziphawulekayo ekukhethweni kwenzululwazi enkulu kakhulu-isityalo se-botanist uMichurin, ukuqonda ukuba phakathi kwezityalo ukuvelisa i-interspecies hybrids.

Iintlobo zeeperi, i- blackberries, i-raspberries, i-bezusaya i-strawberries kunye nezinye izinto ezinomdla zityalo. Kwakhona kufuneka kuphawulwe ukukhululeka okukhulu ekukhetheni izityalo ezinemibala kunye nezinye izityalo ezilimaweyo kunye neentyantyambo zegadi.

Nangona kunjalo, kwizilwanyana izilwanyana ziqabile kakhulu. Ukuba, nangona kunjalo, ukudlula kwenzeka phakathi kwabameli beentlobo ezahlukeneyo zezilwanyana, emva kwayo yonke into, kwaye inzala iyazalwa, ngoko ngokuqhelekileyo ayikwazi ukuvelisa. Imizekelo yale nto ihamba kunye nama-mules.

Kodwa phakathi kweenja ezihlukeneyo ezinjengeemvelaphi zee-hybrids, apho izinto ezivela kwimithombo zengcuka kunye neenja - abameli beentlobo ezahlukeneyo, kwaye kwezinye iimeko zikhona izinja kunye nezimpungushe. Yaye inzala ephumelelayo yenziwa ngokukhawuleza, ikulungiselela iimpawu ezintsha zobomi. Ngombulelo kulo mbono wenja, iintlobo ezahlukahlukeneyo zezinja zikhutshwe ngempumelelo - iintlobo zazo ziyamangalisa!

Umlinganiselo wezinto eziphilayo kwizinto eziphilayo zisekelwe kulwalamano olukhethekileyo kunye neendawo zokuhlala. Ngokomzekelo, izilwanyana ezinxulumene ne- biotic (iintlobo zezilwanyana, izigulane zezifo, i-commensals, i-symbionts) zibonakaliswe ukuvalelwa kwindwendwe ethile. Kuphawulwe ukuba iintlobo zeentlobo, ezazibizwa ngokuthi "umlingo we-malaria," zineendlela ezahlukeneyo zokutya. Ezinye zazo zivalelwe kwizilwanyana ezincwisayo, ezinye zeentaka, enye yesithathu kwizilwanyana ezinobuthi; Abanye baphethe i-malariya, kodwa kwabanye abanye abakubonakali.

"I-niche yezinto eziphilayo" - indawo yokuhlala - kuba izilwanyana zidla ngokuba yi "indawo ehambelana nayo". Ngenxa ye "niche ecological" yezityalo, igama elithi "edapho-phytocenotic" lusetyenziswa rhoqo.

Nangona kunjalo, abantu abahlukeneyo ngeentlobo ezifanayo ngamanye amaxesha bahlala kwiintlobo ezahlukeneyo zemvelo, benza i-ecotypes. I-Pine, umzekelo, inamacotypes ahlala emanzini (ipine marsh), iindunduma okanye indawo yehlathi.

Ngenxa yokuba kwakhiwa inzala epheleleyo ngenxa yokudlulela i-ecotypes, inkqubo yofuzo olulodwa, ebizwa ngokuba yi-eco-species, ingazenza phakathi kwabo.