Ukungafani kwezizukulwana ... Utshintsho lwezizukulwana zezityalo

Kweli hlabathi lanamhlanje kuye kwaba yinto yesiko ukubiza zonke izinto ezizungezile. Indlela yokuvelisa ... Yiyo ndlela izazinzulu "zithi" iingcinga zommangaliso wokuzalwa kobomi obutsha.
Ummangaliso apho kukho nayiphi na into ehambelanayo, eyahlukeneyo kwaye ngexesha elifanayo liyimfuneko, elinye ixesha elihlala liyamangaliswa. Kwiminyaka emininzi, uluntu luye lwaqhawula ubuchopho balo phezu kombuzo wobukhulu bamaqanda kunye nenkukhu, kwaye imvelo sele iphendule yonke impendulo. Ukwahlukana kunye nokuhlukahluka kwezigqibo ekugcineni ukuzinza kwezilwanyana ezithile kwaye ngexesha elifanayo ukufumana ulwahlulo lwabalinganiswa kwizilwanyana ezingenakufaneka.

Isiseko sobubele bokuphila

Esinye isisombululo sinokutshintshwa kwezizukulwana. Iintlobo zeentlobo zezilwanyana kunye nezityalo zifezekiswa ngokudalwa kweendidi ezahlukeneyo zezinto eziphilayo. Ukongezwa kwezizukulwana kuyindlela ekhethekileyo yokulondolozwa kwezilwanyana kwiimeko ezitshintshayo zangaphandle, ezifumaneka ikakhulu kwizityalo ezininzi kunye nabantwana abangaphantsi. Kuyinto utshintsho lwezesondo kunye nokuzaliswa kwama-asexual. Yintoni eyenza ukuqaliswa kwesinye indlela okanye enye indlela yokuvelisa kwaye ziziphi iinjongo abazenzayo? Ukuze uphendule lo mbuzo, kuyimfuneko ukuqonda ngokucace ngakumbi oko kuveliswa ngokwesini kunye nokuxhaswa kwama-asexyual and what benefits to the biological species and minuses they represent.

Ukuzalana ngesondo

Inkqubo yokuvelisa ngesondo iquka ukuthatha inxaxheba ekudalweni ubomi obutsha babantu ababini, okuphakathi kwabo, kunye nabo ngokwabo, abathwala i-chromosomes yabo nganye kwi-DNA ye-DNA. Isixhobo esiyingqayizivele sempahla yezofuzo sibonakaliswa ebusweni balo mntu, kwaye nguye kuphela, iimpawu ezithile, ezidlulisela kuyo inzala yakhe.

Ngokuthatha inxaxheba kwabemi ababini kwinkqubo yokuvelisa ngesondo, elowo lunikeza ithuba lokuqhubela phambili lweentlobo zaloo-half set set of chromosomes, isizukulwana esilandelayo siya kuba neempawu zombini eziphilayo zomzimba. Yingakho ukutshintshwa kwezizukulwana kubonwa kwiindlela ezilula kunye eziyinkimbinkimbi zobomi, ezivelisa ukuzaliswa ngokuzaliswa ngokwesondo.

Yiyiphi igalelo ukuveliswa ngokwesondo kuyenzela i-gene pool?

Ngaphandle kwendawo encinci, inani elidibeneyo lokuhlanganiswa kwezinto eziphathekayo lingaba lukhulu. Olu hlobo lokuzalisa luqhubela umgaqo-nkqubo wokuzisa ukuhlukahluka kwimvelaphi yemfuza yeentlobo zabantu. Ukwahlukahlukana nako kufikeleleka ngokusebenzisa ukusetyenziswa kwamanqaku amatsha kule ntlobo, eendlela ezahlukeneyo ezinokungena ngaphakathi. Okanye, njengokuba, ngokomzekelo, kwizityalo okanye ngamanye ama-coelenterates, ngenxa yeeseli zesini "zithunyelwa endlwini" ngoncedo lomoya, amanzi okanye inambuzane.

Iphuzu elibalulekileyo ekuveliseni ngesondo kukubonisa ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuthatha inxaxheba kuwo wonke umntu ophilileyo kunye onamandla. Ngaloo ndlela, lolu hlobo lokuvelisa lwenza ukuba kube lula ukukhetha ukhetho lwendalo, okubangela ukuba kubekho ukulungiswa kwemimiselo ebenzela inzuzo yezi ntlobo.

Ukuzaliswa kobuhlanga njengendlela yokuphindaphinda inani labantu

Ukusetyenziswa kwezinye izizukulwana yinkqubo esetyenziselwa ukwandisa nokulondoloza iintlobo apho ukuzaliswa kwe-asexual kudlala indima ebalulekileyo. Ukususela kwiingenelo zalo, sinokuzibonela ngokukhuselekileyo ukuba kunokunyusa ngokukhawuleza ubungakanani bendawo xa kukho iziqhamo ezinobume beemeko ezibonakalayo. Ukulondolozwa nokuphindaphinda kweengxowa-mali zemfuyo yoluntu ngokusetyenziswa kwe-multiple cloning ye-gene edibeneyo yeseleko, ekhulisa kakhulu amathuba okuthatha inxaxheba kule nhlanganisela ekuzaleni ngokwesondo.

Ukungafani kwezinye iifenotypes kwizikumkani ezahlukeneyo

Ukutshintshwa kwezizukulwana kwiindawo ezikude kuncike kwimvelaphi yokushisa, ukubunjwa kwamakhemikhali yamanzi (ngakumbi ingxube yetyuwa kuwo), ubude bexesha lokukhanya kwexesha, ubukhulu bokukhanyisa, kunye nokuhluka kwexesha. Zonke ezi zinto zilawula ukuveliswa kweeseli ezithile zokuzala. Ezinye izityalo zivelisa ama-spores, isiseko sokuzaliswa kwe-asexual, kwaye zibizwa ngokuba yi-sporophytes. Izityalo ezivelisa iigetet zokuzalana ngesondo sokuzala (isondo lesini kunye nesethi enye yama-chromosomes kwinucleus) kuthiwa yi-gametophytes. Kukho izilwanyana ezivelisa zombini iindidi zamagetet (iigetem ne-spores), ngokulandelanayo, zabizwa ngokuba yi-gametosporophytes. I-Algae yazo zonke iindidi iyakwazi ukuhlukana komnye nomnye kokubili ngokomzimba nangokwemvelo. Ngoko i-redweed seaweed ye-Porphyry Tener ngesimo se-sporophyte ibonakala njengemigca yokuxhuma emgceni omnye, ungene ngaphakathi kwe-substrate, enokuthi ibe ngamatye abalala okanye iigobolk ze-mollusks. Ii-sporophytes zezi zizilwanyana zihlala ngokubaluleka okukhulu, khetha ukukhanya okuphantsi. Abantu ababandakanyekayo kwimveliso yeeseli ukwenzela ukuveliswa ngokwesini (i-gametophytes) bahlala ngendlela yeeplate kwiindawo zokungcwatyelwa kwizinga elingaphantsi kokukhanya okukhulu. I-algae ebomvu, ehlelwe kakhulu, ibonisa imijikelezo eyahlukeneyo kunye neyinkimbinkimbi yophuhliso, apho kukho utshintsho lweendlela ezahlukeneyo zobomi bezinto ezilwanyana ngexesha lomjikelezo wobomi - uphuhliso lwe-heteromorphic.

Ngubani obonakaliswe ngokuzaliswa nge gametosporophytes

AmaGametosporophyte aqhelekileyo kwiintlobo ezininzi zohlobo oluhlaza, olubomvu nolomvu. Ukungafani kwezizukulwana kubonwa kuzo ekuphuhlisweni kwezisele zokuzala ezi zombini iindidi: i-spores kunye ne-gametes, ezenzeka ngamaxesha ahlukeneyo kwaye zilungiswe ngenguqu kwiimeko zendalo. Ukuhambelana phakathi kokubonakaliswa kweempawu kwi-phenotype kunye nezinguqu ezihambelanayo kwimeko yendalo yinto ebalulekileyo yokubonelela ngeendlela zokuqhuba.

Ukwahlula phakathi kwezizukulwana zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana: Ziziphi izikumkani ezimbini ezahlukeneyo

Ukwahlula, ukwahlula ihlabathi eliphilayo kwizikumkani ezine, kunciphisa kakhulu ukuqonda kwenzululwazi yezinto eziphilayo kwinqanaba lokuqala lokufunda. Nangona kunjalo, ngekhosi ejulile enzulu, kuyacaca ukuba kukho ezininzi iziganeko eziphakathi kwezigaba ezikhoyo. Ngaloo ndlela, ukutshintshwa kwezizukulwana kwi-coelenterates kunomlingiswa obalulekileyo. Kwimijikelezo yobomi bokuveliswa ngokwesondo kunye nokuhlaselwa ngokwesondo kunye nokubonakala kohlobo lwe-asexual kubonakala ngendlela eyahlukileyo , kubakho indlela yokuphila eyahlukileyo, uhlala kwindawo ezahlukeneyo kwaye udle ngokwahlukileyo. Kwi-metagenesis, kukho enye inhlobo yobomi: ii-polyps kunye ne-jellyfish. Ifakwe kwi-substrate i-polyps iqhuba indlela yokuphila. Iipolyps zibonakaliswe ngokuzaliswa kwe-asexual ngokusuka kumzimba womama omtsha, ofanayo kwi-genetic make-up, intombi yabantu abathi bachitha ubomi babo ngendlela ye-polyps. Ukutya kwenziwa ngokuhlanjululwa kwamanzi amaninzi, okwangoku kukho iindidi ezincinci zezinto eziphilayo ezidliwayo, ezisebenza njengokutya kwenyama.

I-Polyps ikwazi ukuhlela uluntu olukhulu. Ngokufanayo, ukutshintshwa kwezizukulwana kuma-coelenterates kwakha iifoloni zexesha elide ze-polyps ngohlobo lwama-coral reefs. Xa iimeko ezithile zenzeka ukuba zintlobo nganye (zitshintshe ukushisa, ixesha, utshintshe emanzini angaphantsi kwamanzi, isigaba seenyanga, ixesha lokufuduka, njl.), Ii-polyps ziphuma kwi-jellyfish encinci. I-Jellyfish ihambahamba, ihamba ngokulula emkholameni wamanzi, ngendlela yokutya iyilwanyana. Ukukhula kuze kube seminyaka yokulungela ngokwesondo, i-jellyfish iyaqhubeka nomjikelezo wokuphuhliswa kweentlobo ngokuveliswa ngokwesondo. Ukususela kwiiseli ezichumisiweyo, ukukhula kweemvumba ezihamba phambili ezihlala phantsi, zifake kwi-substrate, zilahlekelwe ukuhamba kwaye zikhule zibe yi-polyp. Ukungafani kwezizukulwana ngumjikelezo wobomi obunomdla ohlala uvale, ubuyele kwisigaba sawo sokuqala, kodwa ngesethi ehlukeneyo ye-chromosomes, ngoko ke kunye nezinye iimpawu.

I-Mosses iphinda ivelise ngesondo

Ukungafani kwezinye izizukulwana kubonwa kwizityalo eziphezulu, kubandakanywa nemisundu. Isici esibonisa umjikelezo wobomi beli sebe lesityalo kukuba i-fometrichyte ifom ebomvu inhlobo lwesityalo esiluhlaza esinesibhakabhaka esinamaqabunga anjengamaqabunga kunye ne-rhizoids, esiyijongayo. Ukungafani kwezinye izizukulwana kwi-mosses inikeza i-sporophyte, eyona nqanaba le-asexual yomjikelezo ophuhlisayo, elimele ibhokisi elincinane kwi-pedicle nge-spores, edibene ne-gametophyte ngeenyawo, apho ukunikezelwa kwempilo ye-spores kwenzeka. I-sporophyte inexesha elincinci lokuphila, ayikwazi ukuthatha izimpande ngokuzimela. Ukucwina emva kokuvuthwa nokukhwabanisa.

Kutheni ku-biology 1 + 1 = 3

Ngoku kuchaza ngasentla, kunokugqitywa ukuba zombini iindlela zokuvelisa zinokubaluleka kwazo. Ukungafani kwezizukulwana yinkqubo eqinisekisa ukulungiswa kweempawu eziyimfuneko kunye nokwenqatshelwa okungadingekile, kubonakaliswe kwi-phenotype, ngokusebenzisa ukhetho lwendalo. Kuphela kwimeko yokuveliswa kwe-asexual yokukhethwa kwemvelo, ukuguqulwa kwamanye amazwe kuya kufakwa "kutyhila" kwimeko, kwaye kwimeko yesini, ngaphezu kweenguqulelo, imiqondiso yabazali bobabini iya kubonakala kwi-phenotype.

Kutheni, kwi-biology yezinto eziphilayo, xa bethetha ngokuveliswa ngokwesondo, isantya seenqununu ezimbini asilingani nababini (1 + 1 ≠ 2)? Ngenxa yokuba ngenxa yokuchumisa, umntwana ufumana isethi yeendiza ezingafaniyo nawuphi na umzali. Umntu akayi kuthwala i-gene yomzali kunye non-parent, kodwa ukukhula ngokusekelwe kwimiba evela kubazali. Liza kuthwala i-genotype yesithathu, ehlukile kunye neyodwa, ngoko ke izazi ze-biologists ziyicombulula umzekelo weemathematika ngokungafaniyo. Oku kukunika okunye ukuveliswa kwezizukulwana zezityalo kunye nezilwanyana, apho kukho konke ukutshabalalisa okutsha kwezinto eziphathekayo kubonakala bunzima ngakumbi, buhle kwaye bugqibeleleyo!