Ukuphazamiseka kwamawele (ucinga ukuhlola): inkcazo

Injongo ephambili yolu vavanyo lwengcamango olubizwa ngokuba yi "The Paradox of Twins" kwakuyikuphikisa ingcamango kunye nokuqinisekiswa kwengcamango ekhethekileyo yobudlelwane (STR). Kufuneka kuqatshelwe ngokukhawuleza ukuba akukho mbuzo waluphi na ukuphazamiseka ngokwenene, kwaye igama ngokwalo livela kwesi sihloko kuba ubuncinci besilingo seengqondo sasingacaciswanga.

Ingcamango ephambili ye-SRT

Ingqungquthela yembono yobudlelwane (i-paradox yamawele) ithi "umgcini" okhangeleyo uyazibona iinkqubo zokuhambisa izinto njengokunciphisa. Ngokuhambelanayo nomxholo ofanayo, amaxwebhu angabonakaliyo okubhekiselele kuwo (iinkqubo apho iziphakamiso zemizimba yamahhala zihlaziywa kwaye zifanelana okanye ziphumla) zilingana namalungelo ngokuphathelele omnye nomnye.

Ukuphazamiseka kwamawele: ngokufutshane

Ukuqwalasela i-second postulate, kucingwa ukuba i- theory ye-relativity ayihambelani . Ukuyicombulula le ngxaki ibonakala, kwacetyiswa ukuqwalasela imeko kunye nabazalwana ababini. Omnye (ummiselo - umhambi) uthunyelwa kwindawo yendiza, kwaye enye (ekhaya) ishiywe emhlabeni.

Amazwi amawele adibanisa phantsi kweemeko zivame ukuvakala ngolu hlobo: ngokubhekiselele kumntu, ixesha ngexesha lohambo oluhambayo lihamba kancane, oko kuthetha ukuba xa ebuya, umlindo wakhe uya kuwela emva. Umhambi, ngokuchaseneyo, ubona ukuba uMhlaba uhamba ngokubhekiselele kuye (apho umntu ohlala ekhaya uhlala naye), kwaye kwindlela yakhe yokujonga, lixesha lobazalwana bakhe eliya kuhamba ngokuthe ngcembe.

Enyanisweni, bobabini abazalwana baxhomekeke kwiimeko ezilinganayo, oko kuthetha ukuba xa behlangene, ixesha labo liya kuba lifanayo kwiirindi. Ngexesha elifanayo, ngokwemfundiso yobudlelwane, ngokuchanileyo iiyure zomzalwana womhambi omele awele emva. Ukuphulwa okunjalo kwemimandla ecacileyo kubonwa ngokungangqinelani kwamalungiselelo enkolelo.

Ukuphazamiseka kwamawele ukusuka kwingcamango yobudlelwane be-Einstein

Ngo-1905, u-Albert Einstein wathola i-theorem ethi xa iimbini zeewashi ezivumelanisiweyo zikwinqanaba A, enye yazo ingashukunyiswa kwinqanaba elivaliweyo elivaliweyo kwijubane elihlala lide lide libuye lifike kwisiqendu A (kwaye ngenxa yale Kuya kuchitheka, umz., Imizuzwana), kodwa ngexesha lokufika baya kubonisa ixesha elincinci kunexesha eliseleyo.

Kwiminyaka emithandathu kamva isimo sengqungquthela yale ngqungquthela yanikwa nguPaul Langevin. "Wambalwa" kwimbali ebonakalayo, ngokukhawuleza wafumana udumo phakathi kwabantu abade besayensi. Ngokutsho kukaLangevin ngokwakhe, ukungavumelani kwimbono yachazwa kukuba, ekubuyiseni eMhlabeni, umhambi uhamba ngesivinini esheshayo.

Kwiminyaka emibili kamva, uMax von Laue wabeka phambili inguqu engabalulekanga kuzo zonke iimeko zokukhawuleza kwezinto, kodwa inyaniso yokuba iyawela kwelinye isakhelo sokubambisana xa sisemhlabeni.

Ekugqibeleni, ngowe-1918, u-Einstein wazikwazi ukuchazela ukutshatyalaliswa kweewele ezimbini ngeempembelelo kwintsimi yokuvuthwa ekuhambeni kwexesha.

Inkcazo yezinto eziphazamisayo

Ukutshatyalaliswa kwamawele okucacileyo kuyinto elula: ukucinga kwangaphambili kokulingana phakathi kwezi zimbini zeeferensi ezingalunganga. Umhambi uhleli kwisakhelo esingenalulathiso ngaso sonke isikhathi (oku kusebenza nakwimbali yewashi).

Ngenxa yoko, abaninzi babecinga ukuba ingcamango ekhethekileyo yobudlelwane obungasetyenziselwa ukulungisa ngokuchanekileyo ukuphazamiseka kwamawele, kungenjalo ukungahambelani kufumaneka okungahambelaniyo.

Yonke isisombululo xa i -generalory theory of relativity yenziwe . Wanikezela isisombululo esipheleleyo somsebenzi okhoyo kwaye wakwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba ukusuka kwiibini zeewashi ezichanekileyo ezihambayo ziya kuphelelwa emva. Ngoko okokuqala umsebenzi wokuxhaswa wawubekwa njengowesiqhelo.

Ixesha eliphikisanayo

Kukho iingcebiso ukuba ixesha lokusheshisa libalulekileyo ngokwaneleyo ukutshintsha isivinini sewashi. Kodwa ekuhambeni kweendlela ezininzi zokuhlola, kwabonakala ukuba phantsi kwezenzo zokukhawuleza ukunyakaza kwexesha akukhawulezi okanye kuphuculwa.

Ngenxa yoko, inxalenye yomzila, apho omnye wabazalwana ekhawuleza, ubonisa nje ukuphela kwe-asymmetry ephuma phakathi komhambi kunye nomntu.

Kodwa le nkcazo ayikwazi ukuchaza ukuba kutheni ixesha lichithwa ngokuchanekileyo ngento ehambayo, kungekhona yinto ehleliyo.

Uvavanyo lokuSebenza

Ukuphazamiseka kwamawele e-formula kunye ne-theorem ichaza ngokuchanekileyo, kodwa kunzima kumntu ongekho nto. Kulabo banamathele ekukholweni, kunokuba izibalo ezininzi ziqhutywe, injongo yalo yayikukubonakalisa okanye ukuchasisa imbono yobudlelwane.

Kwimeko ethile, iwashi ye - athomu yayisetyenziswa. Ziyimpembelelo echanekileyo, kwaye ngenxa yokutshatyalaliswa kwezinto ezincinci baya kufuna iiminyaka engaphezu kwesigidi. Ukufakwa kwinqwelo lomgibeli, bahamba ngamaxesha amaninzi eMhlabeni kwaye emva koko babonisa i-lag ephawulekayo kwiiyure ezingazange zibaleke naphi na. Kwaye nangona kunjalo ukuba isantya sokunyakaza kwesampula yokuqala sewashi sasingekho ukukhanya.

Omnye umzekelo: ubomi obuninzi bemimon (i-electron ezinzima). Ezi ziqununu eziphambili ziphindwe ngamakhulu angamawaka ubukhulu kunokuba ziqhelekileyo, zinexabiso elibi kwaye zenziwa kwinqanaba elingaphezulu kwemoya yomhlaba ngenxa yezenzo zemibala ye-cosmic. Isantya sokunyakaza kwabo eMhlabeni simane nje ngaphantsi kwesantya sokukhanya. Ngokuphila kwabo okwenyaniso (kwi-microsecond 2), babeza kubola ngaphambi kokuba bafikelele emhlabeni. Kodwa kwinkqubo yokubhabha, baphila ixesha elide ezili-15 (ii-microseconds ezingama-30) kwaye bazalisekisa injongo.

Isizathu esibangela ukuphazamiseka nokutshintshiselwa kweempawu

Ukuphazamiseka kwamawele e-physics kuchaza kwaye ulwimi olufikeleleke ngakumbi. Ngoxa iindiza ziqhubela phambili, abazalwana ababini abafikeleli kunye kwaye abanakukwazi ukuqinisekisa ukuba iwashi zabo ziyahamba ngokulandelana. Kunokwenzeka ukucacisa ngqo indlela ukuhamba kwehambo lomhambi ngayo ngokuhlalutya iimpawu eza kuthunyelwa kuzo. Ezi zibonakaliso ezimiselweyo "zexesha elichanekileyo", zibonakaliswe njengeziphoso zokukhanya okanye i-video yokusasazwa kwidingo lokushiya iwashi.

Kufuneka kuqondwe ukuba uphawu luya kuhanjiswa kungekhona ngexesha langoku, kodwa kwithuba elidlulileyo, njengoko isasazo sesiganeko senziwa ngezinga elithile kwaye kuthatha ixesha elithile lokudlula ukusuka kumthombo ukuya kumkeli.

Ukuphonononga ngokuchanekileyo umphumo weengxoxo zentetho unokwenziwa kuphela nge-Doppler effect: xa umthombo ususwe kwi-receiver, ubukhulu bomqondiso buya kuncipha, kwaye xa usondela, kuya kwanda.

Ukuqulunqwa kweenkcazo kwiimeko ezixhasayo

Ukuchazela iziganeko ezifanayo zeembali kunye namawele, ezimbini iindlela ezisetyenzisiweyo zingasetyenziswa:

1. Ukuvavanya okufutshane malunga nokwakhiwa kweengcamango ezikhoyo kwimeko yokuchasene nokuchongwa kweziphoso ezinengqiqo kwiinkalo zokuqiqa.
2. Ukufezekiswa kwezibalo ezinzulu ukwenzela ukuvavanya inyaniso yokuvalwa kwexesha ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga nganye yabazalwana.

Iqela lokuqala liquka amaqhinga okuqulunqa i-SRT kwaye ibhaliwe kwiifom zokungabonakali. Apha oku kuthetha ukuba amaxesha anxulumene nokukhawuleza kwenkqubela encinane kakhulu ngokumalunga nobude bendiza engabinakunakunyuswa. Kwezinye iimeko, inkqubo yesithathu yokubhekiselele engenayo ingeniswa ukuba iqhubela phambili ngokubhekiselele kumhambi kwaye isetyenziselwa ukudlulisa idatha ukusuka kwiwashi layo eMhlabeni.

Iqela lesibini liquka izibalo ezisekwe kwinqanaba lokuba ukunyakaza okukhawulezayo kusekhona. Eli qela ngokwalo likwahlula ngamagqabini amabini: omnye usebenzisa i-theory (GTR), kwaye enye ayifuni. Ukuba i-GRT ibandakanyekile, ithetha ukuba intsimi iqulethe insimu yendalo, ehambelana nokukhawuleza kwenkqubo, kwaye iqwalasele utshintsho kwisantya sokuhamba kwexesha.

Isiphelo

Zonke iingxoxo ezinxulumene neengcamango ezicatshulwayo zifaneleke kuphela kwiphutha ebonakalayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuba iimeko zeengxaki zenziwe njani, akunakwenzeka ukuqinisekisa ukuba abazalwana basemgangathweni. Kubalulekile ukuqwalasela ukuba ixesha liye linciphisa ngokuchanekileyo ekuhambeni kweewashi, eza kufuneka ziguqulwe utshintsho lweefowuni zesalathisi, kuba ukufana kweziganeko zihambelana.

Bala ukuba ixesha elide liye lancipha ukusuka kwindawo yokujonga nganye yabazalwana, ngeendlela ezimbini: ukusebenzisa izenzo ezilula kwisakhelo seengcamango ezikhethekileyo zobudlelwane okanye ngokugxila kwiifom zokungabikho ezingenalutho. Iziphumo zombini izijikelezo zesekethe zinokubambisana ngokufanayo kwaye zisebenzise ngokulinganayo ukuqinisekisa ukuba iwashi ehambayo ihamba kancane.

Ngalesi sizathu, kunokucingelwa ukuba xa uthumela ingqondo engqondweni, lowo uthatha indawo yomntu uya kukhula ngokukhawuleza kunokuba umhambi.